- •Наталия николаевна раевская
- •Предисловие
- •Передмова
- •5 Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •Part I. Morphology
- •9 Part II. Syntax
- •Introduction
- •Early prescriptive grammar
- •Interrogators:
- •Problems of field structure
- •Functional re-evaluation of grammatical forms in context potential polysemy in grammar
- •Grammatical doublets
- •Part I. Morphology Chapter I the subject matter of morphology
- •Chapter II parts of speech problem of classification
- •Chapter hi the noun
- •83 The article
- •Revision Material
- •Chapter IV the adjective
- •Substantivation of adjectives
- •Revision Material
- •Chapter V the verb
- •Modal verbs
- •In the English Voice System
- •Substitutes for Passive
- •Chapter VI english verb-forms and their pattern-value
- •138 The Present Tense
- •I. Indicative Modality
- •II. Imperative Modality You go and see him.
- •The past tense
- •The past continuous (progressive) tense
- •Chapter VII the pronoun
- •163 Chapter VIII the adverb
- •Category of state
- •First Form of the Predicate
- •Third Form of the Predicate
- •Fourth Form of the Predicate
- •1 Ask you this question. Fifth Form of the Predicate
- •I like music. I'm fond of music.
- •I regret it. I'm sorry about it.
- •Chapter X the simple sentence the principal parts of the sentence
- •The secondary parts of the sentence
- •The Attribute
- •The Object
- •Verb-phrases with Prepositionless Object
- •Adverbial Adjuncts
- •One-member sentences
- •Infinitival sentences
- •Ellipsis
- •Verbless two-member sentences
- •Substitution and representation
- •Intensity and emphasis in english sentence-structure
- •Idiomatic sentences
- •Constructional homonymity
- •Chapter XI phrase-structure
- •Subordinate phrases
- •Noun-Adjunct Groups
- •Verb-Phrases
- •Copulative verbs
- •Infinitival, Gerundial and Participial Phrases
- •Participial Predicative Phrases
- •Coordinate phrases
- •Syndetic Coordinate Phrases
- •Asyndetic Coordinate Phrases
- •251І Chapter XII the composite sentence
- •Coordination
- •Subordination
- •Subject and Predicate Clauses
- •Object Clauses
- •Attributive Clauses
- •Clauses of Cause
- •Clauses of Place
- •Temporal Clauses
- •Clauses of Condition
- •Clauses of Manner and Comparison
- •Overlapping relationships and synsemantics in hypotaxis
- •Transpositions and functional re-evaluation of syntactic structures
- •Problems of Implicit Predication
- •Final remarks on subordination
- •Asyndeton
- •Represented speech
- •Nominality in english sentence-structure
- •Grammar and style
- •Index of grammatical points treated
- •1 Мультиязыковой проект Ильи Франка www.Franklang.Ru
The secondary parts of the sentence
The secondary parts of the sentence are classified according to the syntactic relations between sentence elements. These relations differ in character.
Oppositional relations between the principal and secondary parts of the sentence are quite evident. The former are the core of the communicative unit, the latter develop the core as being a) immediately related to some of the sentence-elements or b) related to the predicative core as a whole.
The closest bond is commonly observed in attributive relationships. Attributive adjuncts expand sentence-elements rather than the sentence itself.
His possessive instinct, subtler, less formal, more elastic since the War, kept all misgivings underground. (Galsworthy)
The second type of non-predicative bond, the completive one, is more loose. It develops the sentence in another way. In this type of bond the secondary parts relate, to the predicative core as a whole.
The same number of the unemployed, winter and summer, in storm or calm , in good times or bad, held this melancholy midnight rendezvous at Fleishmann's bread box. (Dreiser)
The completive bond can expand the sentence indefinitely.
The copulative bond connects syntactically equivalent sentence elements.
With the money he earned he bought novels, dictionaries and maps browsed through the threepenny boxes in the basement of a secondhand bookshop downtown. (Sillitoe)
In actual speech various types of syntactic bond can actualise various types of syntactic meaning. Thus, for instance, both process and qualitative relationship can find their expression in:
(a) the attributive bond an easy task;
playing boys;
(b) the completive bond I found the task;
I found the boys playing;
(c) the predicative bond The task was easy;
The boys were playing.
The Attribute
The qualificative relationship can be actualised by the attributive bond. The paradigm of these linguistic means is rather manifold. We find here:
adjectives: the new house; a valuable thing;
nouns in the Possessive Case: my brother's book;
noun-adjunct groups (N + N): world peace, spring time;
prepositional noun-groups: the daughter of my friend;
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pronouns (possessive, demonstrative, indefinite): my joy, such flowers, every morning, a friend of his, little time;
infinitives and infinitival groups: an example to follow, a thing to do;
gerunds and participles: (a) walking distance, swimming suit;
(b) a smiling face, a singing bird;
numerals: two friends, the first task;
words of the category of state: faces alight with happiness;
10) idiomatic phrases: a love of a child, a jewel of a nature, etc.
If an adjective is modified by several adverbs the latter are generally placed as follows: adverbs of degree and qualitative adverbs stand first and next come modal adverbs, adverbs denoting purpose, time and place, e. g.:
usually intentionally very active 3 2 1 A
politically and socially 4
It comes quite natural that the collocability of adverbs with adjectives is conditioned by the semantic peculiarities of both. Some adverbs of degree, for instance, are freely employed with all qualitative adjectives (absolutely, almost, extremely, quite, etc.), others are contextually restricted in their use. Thus, for instance, the adverb seriously will generally modify adjectives denoting physical or mental state, the adverb vaguely (—not clearly expressed) goes patterning with adjectives associated with physical or mental perception.