Automation

1. Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

2. The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as auto­matic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

3. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines mat resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

4. Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

5. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

6. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.

7. Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.

8. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.

9. More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers has made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

10. Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

11. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing.

12. Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialling and transmission arc all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signalling devices, which have sensors that doted carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Notes:

sequence of operations — послідовність операцій

nonmanufacturing systems — невиробничі системи

device — прилад, механізм, устрій

equipment — обладнання

environment — середовище

feedback — зворотній зв’язок

ability — здатність

to facilitate — покращувати

aid — допомога, засіб

to monitor — контролювати

Exercise 8. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.

1. Послідовність; 2. термін; 3. система контролю; 4. автоматизоване виробництво;

5. оточення; 6. зворотній принцип; 7. технології комп’ютерного дизайну; 8. вплив; 9. сигнальні прилади; 10. контрольований.

Exercise 9. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. certain tasks 2. term 3. indefendently 4. industrial robots 5. feedback 6. steam engine 7.production operations 8. introduction 9. flexible 10. highly automated

a) незалежно b) промислові роботи c) зворотній d) паровий двигун e) виробничі операції f) термін g) певні задачі h) введення i) гнучкий j) високо автоматизовані

Exercise 10. Insert the suitable words or word-combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.

1. The sequences of operations are…automatically.

2. Automated….had several steps in its development.

3. Industrial robots were originally designed only to perform….tasks.

4. The….principle is used in all automatic-controlled mechanisms.

5. Computers have greatly….the use of feedback in manufacturing processes.

Simple; feedback; controlled; manufacturing; facilitated.

Exercise 11. Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian.

1. What is automation?

2. What is the term “automation” used to?

3. What was the first step in the development of automation?

4. What principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms?

5. What have computers done?

6. What development has the introduction of microprocessors made possible?

Exercise 12. Read and translate the following text orally without a dictionary. List the main points in Ukrainian.