Шахова (можно копировать)

slit has been continuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved. 13. Primary tropical forests are supposed to have been little, if at all, affected by man and are believed to have existed much as they are now from a very remote period. 14. If the best a skilled reader can do is to see three or four letters per second, and if he had to see every letter in order to read it he would be able to read about one word every 1.75 seconds on the average. 15. As the income levels in these countries rise, so will their demand for a diet of animal products. 16, I have never experienced that marvellous sensation, nor have I ever heard of its happening to others. 17. Not only can I not accept it, but I can hardly understand how a scientist like Nicolle could have conceived of such mi idea. 18. To the scientist the value of any particular launching is the success of the experiment concluded, not just the distance reached from the earth. Nor is he concerned with putting men in the vehicle, for the instruments can be made to operate automatically and to send back their readings to earth as coded radio signals. 19. The method of successive approximation which is due to Picard furnished a mode of attack quite unlike any the student has used hitherto in solving differential equations. 20. It is inexcusable that we should fail to predict responses of nature consequent upon our own actions. 21. The moon, satellite of the earth, has already been visited and found to be totally hostile to man. The surface of Venus is too hot for us, and Mars offers little, if any, hope. The other planets are out of the question. Man, indeed, is earthbound and we must learn to accept this inescapable circumstance however great our expectations. 22. If we had to stop producing C 02, no coal, oil or gas could be burned, and all modem societies would come to a halt. The only possible alternative is nuclear energy, whose by-products may cause serious environmental effects. Also, we don’t have electric motor vehicles to be propelled by electricity from nuclear energy. 23. Although by the year 2000 we expect global thermal power output to be six times the present level, we do not expect it to affect global climate. Over cities it does already create “heat islands” and as these grow larger, they may have regional climatic effects and they should be studied. 24. We naively seem to assume that by willing the means we attain the goals. If someone in a fire station got the idea that silencing the alarm-clock would be a good way of handling fires, we would classify him as a mental case. Yet this is the way we act as a human family in facing malnutrition.

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WORD STUDY

1. LEARN TO RECOGNIZE INTERNATIONAL WORDS

(to be done in class)

Ex. 20.

archaically [ai'keukali], lethal [Ti:0(a)l], immune to DDT [i:'mju:n], paradoxically [ .paera'doksikali].

E x a m p l e : to accumulate — аккумулировать, накоплять

Intervention; comfortable; qualification; total; manufacture.

a figure of speech; utilization of natural resources; intervention in natural cycles of the biosphere; provision of experimental facilities; the composition of atmospheric air; the first decade of the nineteenth century; the total content of oxygen in the biosphere.

2. LEARN TO RECOGNIZE TH E STRUCTURE

OF ENGLISH WORDS

(to be done at home in written form)

Ex. 21. Recognize the words formed according to die following pat­ terns and give their Russian equivalents.

1. The reaction is difficult to realize in laboratory. 2. To realize the possible adverse effects of production is sometimes both to preserve nature and to economize in the long run, if not in the short.

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P a t t e r n 19: Adj. + -(i)ty -» N

E x a m p l e : major — главный, крупный; majority — большинство.

1. M an’s global responsibility‘for what is happening to his environment is generally recognized. 2. The environmental situation involves every individual and every country, because it is global. But its inescapability does not mean that the crisis is unavoidable. 3. The availability of liquid water in substantial quantities is one of the major conditions for the development of life. 4. The exceptional reactivity' of six of the 16 lightest elements of the Periodic Table is at the root of most environmental problems.

P a t t e r n 20: V + -ive -» Adj.

E x a m p l e : to progress — продвигаться вперед, прогрессировать; progressive — поступательный, прогрессирующий.

1. The environmental crisis is of a cumulative character. 2. The explanation is not exhaustive because it ignores a most essential social factor. 3. Ah imaginative reader is invited to complete this picture by himself. 4. An effective alternative to burning fuels is nuclear energy. Yet it is not altogether attractive either because of the problem of radioactive wastes disposal.

P a t t e r n 21: re- + Root

E x a m p l e : to write — писать; to rewrite — переписать, написать заново.

1. Bragg made no efforts to rebuild the laboratoiy. 2. In this time and distance we should be able to figure out how to refuel our, spacecraft. 3. The idea of a frozen man being thawed out and reintroduced to society was good science fiction reading about sixty years ago. 4. A similar crew might be put aboard a spacecraft in deep freeze, to be reconditioned at some far distant point in time. 5. At present man is replacing the earth’s major ecosystems with cities and land devoted to agriculture.

P a t t e r n 22: inter- + Root

E x a m p l e : planetary — планетный, планетарный; interplanetary — межпланетный.

1. The boundary surface between two media, phases or systems is called an interface. 2. All these natural cycles are found to interact and the locus of their interaction is the biosphere. 3. The processes are intricately interdependent.

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P a t t e r n 6' N H V

1. The situation is the same on land and sea; the captain landed the passengers on a small island; this may land us in a very difficult situation.

2. The sound of the counter is a measure of the film thickness; take special measures to avoid a breakdown; a device to measure ocean depths; we measure distance in outer space in light years. 3. The list of words below is not complete. The periodical table lists more than 100 chemical elements. 4. The library numbers as many as 5600 volumes. Now you are reading sentence number 4.

Ex. 22.

E x a m p l e : interior — exterior; внутренний — внешний.

internal, extrinsic, inward, inclusive(ly), outside, external, in­ side, exclude, output, inner, inclusion, outer, input, outward, exclusive(ly), include, exclusion, intrinsic.

B. Give Russian equivalents of: ,

> the interior of Africa; exterior surface; internal and external forces; intrinsic properties; extrinsic influences; inward and outward motion; inner and outer diameters; inside and outside temperatures; input and output data; to include in, or exclude from, consideration; gold inclusions in a mineral body; the principle of exclusion; from six to ten inclusive; exclusive attention. >

Ex. 23. A . Group the words into families according to their spelling and meaning. Give their Russian equivalents (use the dictionary if necessary).

Proceed, excess, successive(ly), precedent, exceed, process, suc­ ceeding, precede, exceedingly, succeed, excessive(ly), proceedings, success, preceding, procedure, procession, succession.

Successive approximation; the preceding chapter; to exceed the speed limit; to process information; an excess of energy; an experimental procedure; to succeed in research; many difficulties in succession.

The VII International Congress on Crystallography was held in Moscow in 1966. The total number of participants was in excess of

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2000. The opening session was preceded by the General Assembly to elect a new president of the Congress. The procedure was but formal as the candidate had been nominated unanimously and there had never been a precedent of a candidate not being elected under such circumstances.

The success of the discussion on protein structure exceeded all expectation. Most fruitful were the discussions carried on in between the sessions, during which time participants succeeded in making informal contacts and in exchanging views and ideas. The proceedings of the Congress were published as a separate volume, with all communications presented in the original language.

Ex. 24. Fill in the blanks with the proper words from the lists below.

1. Of all man’s recent interventions in the cycles of nature the industrial fixation of nitrogen by fa r... all others in magnitude. 2.... run off of nitrogen compounds in streams and rivers can result in intensified biological activity. 3. The expanding need for fuel has forced man to cut forests in ... of his ability to renew them.

to exceed, excessive, excess.

1. The problem is clear... for some insignificant details. 2. With a few

...all the corrections have been taken into consideration. 3. ... where otherwise stated, our data are in good agreement. 4. Some features of this material are o f... value. 5. The only. . . was made for the discussion of some practical questions.

except, exception, exceptional.

3. LEARN TO DEDUCE TH E MEANING OF ENGLISH

WORDS

(to be done at home in written form and to be discussed in class)

В разных употреблениях одного и того же английского слова и его производных обычно обнаруживается о б щ и й э л е м е н т с м ы с л а , который может присутствовать в нескольких разных русских словах. Выбор русского эквивалента определяется англий­ ским контекстом и нормой русского языка.

н а ч е н и ю . Частотные русские эквиваленты: fit (Adj.) — (пригод­ ный, подходящий, соответствующий, здоровый и.т.д.; fit (N) —

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подгонка, соответствие и тд.; to fit — соответствовать, годиться, приспосабливать, подгонять; снабжать и т.д.

1. The paper is notfit for presentation. 2. The man in the first group became ill with the well-known symptoms, the others stayed perfectly fit. 3. An authoritarian government is subject only to such limitations as it seesfit to impose on itself. 4. He could not present the paper himself as he did notfeelfit. 5. The slopes were then drawn by least squarefit of the data. 6. The curve was not a perfect fit, but one could hardly expect anything better. 7. The school fits studentsfor college. 8. The theory is expected to fit the experiment. 9. Then things began to fit into a logical pattern. 10. Evaluton fitted the new species together. 11. Goethe says that life fits theory as the human bodyfits the cross.

Present — общий элемент смысла: н а л и ч и е в д а н н ы й м о м е н т в д а н н о м мест е. Частотные русские эквиваленты: present (Adj.) — присутствующий, имеющийся налицо; настоя­ щий, современный; данный и т.д,; present (N) — настоящее (вре­ мя); to present — представить на рассмотрение; представлять со­ бой и т.д.

1. The presentpractice cannot be tolerated any longer. 2 - The present paper continues the discussion started in (1). 3. These are microorganisms that are present almost everywhere. 4. The developments of the present and of the immediate future will probably require a radical change in our approach to the problem. 5. At present there is no fundamental research being done in this laboratory. 6. For the present we have to be content with this empirical formula. 7. Each process seems to present certain difficulties. 8. Over a hundred papers were presented at this

subject to (Adj.) — подчиненный, зависимый; подверженный; подлежащий и т.п.; subject (N) — предмет, тема; предмет изуче­ ния; подданный; подлежащее и т.д.; to subject — подчинять; под­ вергать и т.д.

1. Everything and everybody are subject to the laws of nature. 2. The principles are subject to change or elimination as new scientific facts are added to our knowledge. 3. The process is subject to fluctuations. 4. The plan is subject to governmental approval. 5. This is highly complicated

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and interesting subject. 6. The subject ofmy thesis is occupational diseases as a function of industry geography. 7. This decision is not a subjectfor discussion. 8. The subject-matter of the book is plasma. 9. This library has an excellent subject catalogue. 10. As a rule the subject opens the sentence. 11. He studied four subjects in his first year at college. 12. The soldiers happened to be subjects of France. 13. The idea was subjected to severe criticism and rejected. 14. To harden the metal it was subjected to intense heat.

Ex. 26. Give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.

русские эквиваленты: challenge (N) — вызов; проблема, требую­ щая решения и т.д.; to challenge — бросать вызов; подвергать со­ мнению и требовать действий и т.д.

1. Environmental pollution is a major challenge to mankind in the mid-20th century. It can be met only by the joint efforts of all advanced countries, for the problem challenges man in all his activities on a global scale. 2. Designers, builders and those who supply materials for teaching have met the challenge o f change by providing new and important equipment, audio-visual devices and learning systems. 3. The years to come promise to be at least as challenging and revolutionary as the fifty years gone by. 4. It is imperative to strengthen the humanistic and intellectually challenging elements of the high, school program. 5. The problem of hydrodynamics is a permanent challenge to mathematicians. 6. In his talk Dr. N. challenged the accuracy of the measurements made by

his German colleagues.

I

Common — общий элемент смысла: п р и с у щ и й б о л ь ­ ш и н с т в у , р а з д е л я е м ы й м н о г и м и . Частотные русские эк­ виваленты: общий, совместный; общественный; широко распро­ страненный, общеизвестный, общепринятый; обыкновенный, простой и т.д.

1. The English common sense, commonplace, common noun, common man and Common Market — all have one word in common, but their Russian equivalents are absolutely different. Can you think ofgodd Russian equivalents^ if common sense is ordinary practical good sense or intelligence gained by experience, not by special study (cf. “general knowledge” which is gained by study); a common noun is a noun like

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“river”, “city” or “boy” which may be used of any object belonging to a group or class (cf. “proper noun” like the “Volga, London, John”); commonplace is ordinary, not new or interesting; the common man is the ordinary man, the average man; Common Market is an economic association of several West European countries. 2. It is commonly accepted that a common language is one of the principal characteristics of anation, although it is not uncommon for two or more nations to speak the same language. 3. It is a matter o f common knowledge that there is a chemical which is commonly used by both the common man and the chemist, the

former knowing it as common salt and the latter as sodium chloride.

л

Evidence, evident, to evidence — общий элемент смысла: с в и ­ д е т е л ь с т в о с о б ы т и я , и м е в ш е г о м е с т о р а н е е . Час­ тотные русские эквиваленты: evidence — свидетельство, данные, факты, доказательства и т.д.; evident— очевидный, явный, ясный и т.д.; to evidence — свидетельствовать, показывать, служить до­ казательством и т.д.

1. It is evident that the evidence we possess does not support this conclusion. 2. All through the book one finds evidence o f the author’s deep sympathy for the reader. 3. The disagreement was evidently due to misunderstanding. 4. It is the evidence o f the senses upon which both the common man and the scientist base all their conclusions. 5. The process involves violent release of oxygen as evidenced by spectroscopic analysis.

Pattern — общий элемент смысла: о б о б щ е н н а я м о д е л ь , с и с т е м н о с т ь , з а к о н о м е р н о с т ь . Частотные русские экви­ валенты: pattern (N) — образец; модель; схема; структура; карти­ на; характер и т.д.; to pattern — делать по образцу, копировать и т.д.

1. There is a generalpattern in practically any form of organization, systematization or generalization. Whether we consider plant growth patterns, patterns of life or patterns o f animaTbehaviour, patterns o f the winds or the pattern of the Earth’s magnetic field, we deal with the same idea: something that is periodically regular and serves as a model like the pattern o f the crystal lattice, something after which something else can be modelled orpatterned. 2. Culture and education strongly influence an individual’s pattern o f thought. 3. The author traces in considerable detail the remarkable growth pattern o f the industry. 4. Despite the fact that his prose is frequently patterned after examples by other masters, Bunin is far from being a derivative artist. 5. You shouldn’t try to make the foreign language grammar fit the pattern of your native language.

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X

Proper, property — общий элемент смысла: п р и с у щ е е , н е о т ъ е м л е м о е . Частотные русские эквиваленты: proper — при­ сущий, свойственный; правильный, надлежащий, должный и т.д.; property — свойство, качество; собственность и т.д.

1. It is only proper to begin our consideration with some facts of common knowledge. Each atom has the proper number of electrons to make it neutral and it is this number that determines its chemical and physical properties. Yet, properly speaking, there are electrons which do not belong to the atom proper. These are called free electrons. 2. It is often very difficult to do things properly: to pay proper attention to one’s job, to give the proper interpretation of one’s results or even to say the proper thing at the proper moment.

Point — общий элемент смысла: с о с р е д о т о ч е н н о с т ь ( сгуст ок) в п р о с т р а н с т в е , в р е м е н и , и з л о ж е н и и . Ча­ стотные русские эквиваленты: point (N) — точка; место; момент; пункт; суть, смысл и т.д.; to point — указывать, показывать, сви­ детельствовать и т.д.

1. The lecturer was speaking on the spread of writing over the earth from its points of origin in Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. His main point that writing had come to Europe from the East was not original and left the audience indifferent. But among other things he brought up two points which aroused his listeners. He pointed to the similarity or alphabets of related languages and tried to seek an explanation from the point o f view o fgeneral linguistics. Up to this point the lecture had been merely dull. Now it was misleading as well. I was on the point o f leaving the room when someone said aloud. “Your last remark was not to the point, Professor, or else I don’t see the point. ”2. Since 1968 the bacteria level of the Potomac River has been reduced to the point where much of the river would be swimmable. 3. Much of what we do in space, much of what is expected of us, strains our technology to the breaking point.

4. Today, atomic power could support space vehicles on journeys of several years duration, but the cost at this point is still prohibitive for practical use. 5. Everything points to your being wrong. 6. If there were any flaws in their arguments they would be pointed out to them immediately.

Ex. 27. Give Russian equivalents of the italicized words proceeding from the context and using the dictionary if necessary.

A. 1. The use of the term “isotope” is commonplace. 2. An acquaintance with the terms of measurement will always be useful. 3. Up to this point

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we have been discussing information retrieval in general terms. 4. Division in a school year during which instruction is regularly given to students is called a term. 5. At last the administration and the union came to terms. 6. It is necessary to explain atmospheric motion in terms of hydrodynamic theory. 7.The equipment frequently consists oftwo registers

B. 1. There are some 40,000 industrialplants in the USA that discharge into, navigable waters. 2. The absorption of sunlight by the green leaves of plants keeps the plant and animal world alive. 3. A good farmer knows when to plant crops.

C. 1. A local cell ofthe Communist Party. 2. A battery cell. 3. A number of solar celt which produce electrical current on exposure to sunlight. 4. Root celt obtain their sugar from the green leaves of the plant. 5. The experimental cell was made of rubidium. 6. Dr. James F. Doneeli said he had produced a living cell firom parts of other cells.

Ex. 2 8 . In the texts below recognize the words that are similar in mean­ ing and give their Russian equivalents.

Never before have the scope of research and the number of people occupied in it increased as rapidly as they are doing today. The magnitude of certain projects and the size of some installations are often breath­ taking, while the bulk of the information accumulated can hardly be even roughly estimated, let alone digested. And yet the extent to which processes occurring naturally can be controlled and regulated by man is very limited.

The language is perpetually in flux: it is a living stream, shifting, changing, receiving new strength, losing old forms. The current of time continuously brings about a fresh flow of words.

So far there is no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon. At first sight it seemed sufficient to collect more data to corroborate the existing hypothesis. Yet as soon as one goes deep enough into the evidence it becomes clear that there are cases where the hypothesis is inadequate. And there is ample proof that these cases are all that matters.

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