Шахова (можно копировать)

STRUCTURE STUDY

1.DIFFERENT MEANS OF MAKING A CERTAIN PART OF THE SENTENCE LOGICALLY IMPORTANT

The idea of the biosphere was introdu ced a century ago but it was not until the mid-forties that the problem of environment was first recognized. (The problem of environment was first recognized only in the mid-forties.) Понятие биосферы было выдвинуто сто лет тому назад, но проблема окружающей среды была впервые осознана только в середине сороковых годов.

Since his early days man has always sought to increase his power over nature. And now it is the adverse effects of his production activity that is a major challenge to man in the years to come. С первых дней своей истории человек стремится увеличить свое господство над природой. А теперь как раз вредные последствия производствен­ ной деятельности человека создают серьезную угрозу его настоя­ щему и ближайшему будущему.

'Pattern Practice (27)

Ex. 1. Read the following sentences and say which of them include Pattern 27.

1 a) It is very important that the peculiar character of this process should be Studied; b) It is the peculiar character of this process that should be studied. 2. a) It was not until the mid-forties that this problem was recognized; b) It is known that this problem was recognized only in the mid-forties. 3. a) It is believed that man is responsible for some changes in the environment; b) It is man who is responsible for some changes in the environment. 4. a) It is because of its greatest importance for the whole mankind that we consider the environmental problem; b) It is evident that we consider the environmental problem because of its greatest importance.

— - ........... ......... .... .......... .................

*Or Prep phr , Adv , Clause.

**Or who, which, whose.

}j-2365

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Ex. 2. Identify the sentences including Pattern 27 by trying their trans­ formation into non-emphatic structures and translate them into Russian.

1. It is general experience that the solution of such a complicated problem requires joint research efforts. 2. It is the availability of liquid water in substantial quantities that was one of the conditions indis­ pensable for development of life on the Earth. 3. It is a fact that since his early days on the Earth man has been interfering with nature and it is this interference that is at the root of the present-day global crisis. 4. A system is in running order as long as its input and output are in bal­ ance; it is when the outflow exceeds the inflow over an extended peri­ od of time that a crisis develops. 5. It is common knowledge that talents and abilities of scientists are very valuable, possibly the most valuable natural resource for each nation and for the whole human race. 6. The rate of progress in particular fields of science exceeds that in funda­ mental knowledge and it is this discrepancy that is ultimately at the

root of the environmental situation.

f

Ex. 3 . Recast each second sentence using Pattern 27 to stress the logically important information.

1. Vast masses of statistical evidence have been collected. Parkin­ son’s law has been deduced from a study of these data. 2. The processes are affected by many factors. The author will consider these factors in the next section. 3. So far experiments and theoretical studies have been carried on independently and have not interacted. The basis for further development lies in the mutual interaction of experimental results and theoretical studies. 4. The problem of environment cannot be tackled successfully within the framework of a single science. The article has been written to bring home the importance of joint research efforts.

Pattern Study (28)

P a t t e r n 28:

. . .do,. . .Inf.without to * * *

Until recently man treated nature as if it were inexhaustible. We do realize now that such an approach is entirely wrong. (We now realize that such an approach is entirely wrong.) До последнего времени человек относился к природе так, как если бы она была неисто­ щима. Теперь же мы наконец поняли, что такой подход в корне 1 неправилен.

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Pattern Practice (28)

Ex. 4. A . Identify the logically important predicate and give its Russian equivalent.

1. Everybody knows that to predict future is a most difficult task. Yet people do try to do it. 2. The small amount of oxygen dissolved in water is not included in this balance. Nonetheless, water does enter into the picture. 3. This formula is generally critisized. Yet it does describe the essential characteristics of the process. 4. The present work is essentially a study of the radio communication. Nevertheless it does provide an over-all picture of general communication behaviour.

B . ■ Identify the structures according to Pattern 28 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence (remember func­ tions of the verb to do other than that of emphasis).

1. Although most of the detailed history consists of a series of blanks, we do have a time scale that seems sensible. 2. It was first thought that the air flow did not affect the measurements. But later it was found that it did cause errors. 3. There is ample proof that aesthetics and engineer­ ing can and do influence each other. 4. The alpha particles do not pass through the aluminium. The beta rays which do pass through the alu­ minium do not ionize gas as profusely as do the alpha particles. 5. This does not mean that chance has no role in the inventing process. Chance does act. 6. For a long time scientists did not believe the validity of the geographical data of the ancient authors, However,. the archaeologists did find a number of ancient cities with the help of these data. 7. The fact that the incoming solar radiation drops off more rapidly towards the winter pole than the outgoing terrestrial radiation does mean that there is an excess in radiational heating in summer and a deficit near the winter pole.

Reading Practice (Patterns 27—28)

Text 1 2 . 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension check-up.

The jigsaw-puzzle* fit of the coastlines on each side of the Atlantic Ocean must have been noticed as soon as the first reliable maps of the

*A set of irregularly cut pieces of pasteboard, wood, or the like, that form a picture or design when fitted together.

11*

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New World were prepared. It was as early as 1620 that Francis Bacon called attention to their striking resemblance. He did not go on, however, to suggest that the continents might once have formed a unified land mass. In the succeeding centuries suggestions to this effect were made, but they were far from being well-grounded hypotheses, as it was mainly to some postulated catastrophe, such as the sinking of the mythical Atlantis or the Great Flood that the similarity of the coastlines was ascribed. ,

The hypothesis of the Continental Drift which is generally accep­ ted nowadays was first presented to scientific community in 1912, but it was not until 50 years later that it gained general currency. When this view of the earth did replace earlier ideas (in the 1960’s) it was only because of conclusive evidence derived from discoveries in geophysics and oceanography.

1. Identify the dominant word group and follow it through its transformation into its equivalents. 2. What made it possible to notice the strange similarity of the coastlines on each side of the Atlantic Ocean? 3. What has been the basic idea underlying all the explanations of this similarity? 4. Why cannot we consider the earlier explanations to be well-grounded hypotheses? 5. What is the principal difference between the currently accepted hypothesis and the earlier ideas? 6. How long did it take the hypothesis of the Continental Drift to gain recognition? 7. Identify structures according to Patterns 23, 27, 28 and translate the respective sentences into Russian.

Pattern Revision (27—28)

(to be done at home in written form)

Ex. 5. A . Identify the structures according to Patterns 27— 28 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

1. The information available in literature is scarce, for it is only recently that we have even begun to collect the necessary figures on a national scale. 2. There are even greater uncertainties regarding the nitrogen cycle in the ocean. It is known that some marine organisms do fix nitrogen, but quantitative information is scarce. 3. In such water ways and in neighbouring ground water systems the nitrogen concentration could, and in some cases already does, exceed the levels acceptable for human consumption. 4. Many people in this country

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believe that it is man who is degrading and polluting his environment. 5. However, the third term of equation (5), containing entropy fluctuations, does appear to give an additional source of acoustical energy. 6. -It is these interactions that are of vital concern to the study of marine toxicology, pharmacology, and pollution. Moreover, it is these interactions which affect the quality of man’s marine food resources. 7. Assuming the waves do originate near the coast, lack of consistent asymmetry in the data might also be attributed to distortion. 8. It is perhaps for this reason that most of the significant experimental results have surfaced in the last five to seven years. 9. Arguments as to whether a fully developed spectrum is possible or does occur still go on. 10. In a society that has reached a certain level of industrial development the issue of environmental alteration becomes more and more acute. It is within this framework that certain actions of 100 or 200 years ago are now considered injurous.

1. Это явление было давно и широко известно, однако лишь недавно были сделаны первые попытки объяснить его научно. 2. Ста-

, тья содержит некоторые устаревшие представления, и тем не ме­ нее она все-таки дает наиболее полное и последовательное изложе­ ние рассматриваемой проблемы. 3. Наука о космосе — одна из са­ мых молодых, однако именно космические исследования привели к бурномуразвитию многих отраслей техники. 4. Человек может дос­ тигнуть и действительно достигает исключительных результатов,

если его воодушевляет высокая цель. 5. К началу X X века некото­ рое общее представление о биосфере уже существовало, но пер­ вым, кто осознал необходимость нового подхода к ее изучению, был В. И. Вернадский. 6. Непрерывное вмешательство человека в дела природы может вызывать, а порой и в самом.деле вызывает ряд необратимых изменений в природных циклах,

Pattern Study (29)

Р a 11 е г n 29:

■• -Neg. group . . .VWmod. . .N,. . . 1 п Г . * „

Throughout history science has experienced many ups and downs but never before has man witnessed such progress in such a short time.

* Or Part., Adj , N.

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(. . .has never before witnessed. . .) На протяжении истории наука знала много взлетов и падений, но никогда прежде человек не был свидетелем такого успеха, достигнутого за столь короткое время. s

The method has been in wide use for some time but due to these shortcomings seldom does it produce satisfactory results. Метод широ­ ко используется уже в течение некоторого времени, но из-за этих недостатков он редко дает удовлетворительные результаты.

Pattern Vocabulary (29). lis t 14

Remember the words commonly used in Pattern 29.

not only ... but also — не только... но й...

Pattern Practice (29)

Ех. 6. Identify the structures according to Pattern 29 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

1. The threat to his environment is not the first major problem challenging man in the mid-20th century. Nor was it, until quite recently, the one most readily recognized. 2. Environmental research does not constitute a new separate field of science. Neither can its problems be studied comprehensively in terms of any particular science such as chemistry, biology or biochemistry. 3. With increase of productivity no longer is ft necessary for everyone to be involved in food production. 4. Man is by nature an explorer. Not only must he

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master his environment, but he must, of necessity, extend it in an effort to gain supremacy over the unknown. 5. This was a period of such continuous flood of extraordinary ideas that hardly can one expect anything like this to happen again before long.

Ex. 7. Learn to distinguish between Patterns 28*and 29. Identify the structures according to Patterns 28— 29 and give Russian equiv­ alents of the relevant part of the sentence.

1. Not only do people wish to understand nature but they also wish to master it. 2. It is also important that more and more service and auxiliary operations are being done by automatic devices: no longer does the cosmonaut have to depend on ground control for a lot of valuable information. 3. Though such projects do not involve any appreciable research and development, they do require a large supply of technically and scientifically trained personnel. 4. Even though the particular process might have been different it is quite certain that free oxygen did begin to accumulate in the atmosphere at this point. 5. Not only did Vernadsky foresee some of the adverse effects of man’s production activity, but he also put forward some original ideas on our future development. 6. Although a nuclear catastrophe and the environmentalcrisis are quite different in character, they do have something in common.

It is sometimes argued that nature must be shaped as man requires it. Representing one of his greatest interventions into nature is the prospect that man may one day consciously alter the earth’s climatic patterns. (The prospect that man may one day consciously alter the earth’s climatic patterns is representing one of his greatest interventions into nature.) Иногда утверждают, что природу необходимо переделы­ вать в соответствии с потребностями человека. Одно из величай­ ших вмешательств в дела природы представляет собой перспекти­ ва того, что в один прекрасный день человек сознательно изме­ нит климатическую картину земного шара.

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P a t t e r n 30b:

so/neither/nor. . У„т/июЛ . . .N,. . .

The necessity of a new approach to the environment problem is now fully realized, so is its global character. Необходимость нового подхо­ да к проблеме окружающей среды сейчас полностью осознана, осознан и ее глобальный характер.

Biologists alone cannot solve this problem, neither can physicists. Биологи одни не могут решить эту проблему, не могут и физики.

Pattern Practice (30)

Ex. 8. A. Identify the structures according to Pattern 30 and translate each second sentence into Russian.

1. We believe that this paper will interest most specialists. Of special significance is the fact that the method described is easy to apply. 2. There are several points to be considered in connection with our work. And among them is the time factor. 3. The paper covers a wide range of problems. Included in the paper are also detailed tabular data. 4. The available bibliography is very extensive. Listed below are the references to valuable sources.

B. Identifythe structures according to Pattern 30 and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Of course, the combustion-driven vehicles present a problem in the context of the recent fuel crisis but no less important is another problem, associated with them, that of pollution. 2. From the very start of any project it is essential to make a list of jobs to be done and to assign priorities. Of still greater importance, however, is the problem of choosing the right people for the right jobs. 3. As a result, there is socalled heat pollution of such regions. Added to the effects of changing te m p e ra tu re a n d indeed overriding it — is the accumulation of toxic wastes from human activities. 4. Among the other limitations of such power sources was the fact that they could not be readily transported and that their energy could not be transmitted over any considerable distance.

C. Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences using Pattern 30.

1. Несомненно, это очень важный вопрос, но еще более важ­ ным является точность измерений. 2. На рисунке 5 приведена схема

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расположения основных узлов этой модернизированной установ­ ки. 3. В данном случае еще более интересной для нас является про­ блема повышения эффективности каждого этапа работы в отдель­ ности. 4. В настоящее издание также включен раздел, посвящен­ ный новейшим методикам измерений и измерительным приборам.

Ех. 9 . Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Nevertheless the understanding of the mechanism involved slowl but steadily increases. So does our control over the side reactions. 2. The problems are not new, nor is the general outline of policy for solving them. 3. Studies such as these will naturally help, and so would a real improvement in the routine procedure. 4. No physicist untrained in biology would have ever solved the problem; neither would a biologist, without a sound physics background. 5. We cannot yet fully explain the disappearance of many ancient civilizations, nor can we write down their reliable history. 6. More attention has been paid recently to developing new sources of energy; solar power is now regarded as a reality, so is the geothermal energy.

Pattern Study (31)

P a t t e r n 31a:

. . .Adj./Part. . . .as/though. . .Nr . .Vr . .

Какими бы частными ни казались на первый взгляд некото­ рые проблемы окружающей среды, их решение в конечном счете зависит от объединенных усилий многих стран.

/Pattern Practice (31)

Ex. 10. Identify the structures according to Pattern 31 and recast the sentences from 31a to 31b or from 31b to 31a.

1. The process can be easily simulated in laboratory, no matter ho peculiar its mechanism may seem to a non-specialist. 2. Injurious though

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the experiments had proved to their health, the early researchers of radioactivity continued their investigation. 3. Intricate as the general pattern may appear at first sight the process is just a sum of elementary events. 4. No matter how annoying it may appear to us, it is a fact. 5. No

The air pollution in large cities is a major challenge to science of the 20th century, affecting as it does the health of millions of men, women and children. (. . . as it affects . . .) Борьба с загрязнением воздуха в крупных городах является одной из первоочередных за­ дач, стоящих перед наукой XX столетия, поскольку загрязнен­ ный воздух разрушительно действует на здоровье миллионов муж­ чин, женщин и детей.

Pattern Practice (31—32)

Ex. 11. Identify the structures according to Patterns 31— 32 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

A.1. The new model has a number of advantages over the old one operating as it does under less rigid conditions. 2. Knowing as he did the spectral theory Schroedinger could predict the connection between these two phenomena. 3. Searching for new sources of food for the expanding population ofthe world is a pressing problem oftoday affecting as it does the lives of millions of people.

B.1. Abundant as they may seem at present all natural resources are exhaustible in the long ran, if not in the short. 2. No matter how good treatment facilities may be, the effective control over pollution is often very difficult. 3. However annoying it may appear to us, judging from the history, both remote and recent, man has not always lived up to his qualification as homo sapiens. 4. The theory, however convincing it may seem to its author, requires more experimental data to corroborate it. 5. Knowing, as we did, the actual cause of the error, we made до attempt to alter the experimental setup. 6. However, the model, spectacular though it may appear, does not fit all the experimental evidence. 7. Gloomy as his conclusion may sound the scientist, in fact, is far from being pessimistic about the future of mankind.

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