Шахова (можно копировать)

• /

3)if he is able to do smth., beginning your question with “Can you . . .?”

4)about his willingness to do smth., beginning your question with “Will you . . . ? ” or “Would you. . .?”

5)for his consent to your action, beginning your question vyith “Shall I . ..?"

1.join the work; 2. keep in touch with their laboratory; 3. borrow this instrument; 4. leave it out of the scope of research; 5. take it for granted; 6. carry on the research; 7. test it by experiment; 8. take this factor into consideration; 9. argue about it; 10. object to this line of research; 11. represent the laboratory at the conference; 12. account for the disagreement; 13. extend the range of observation; 14. dismiss the possibility.

Pattern Revision (23)

(to be done at home in written form)

Ex. 8 . Translate the following sentences into Russian (mind the modal verbs):

1. Until quite recently few people would be actually engaged in space research, although quite a number would wonder whether we were alone in the universe. 2. It has happened so often that it might be regarded as a law of nature. 3. It can be assumed that no living being, let alone a human being, would ultimately survive under these harsh conditions. 4. For any primitive society to accomplish such tasks the conditions must have been especially favourable. 5. If we are to survive as a species all countries must join their efforts in handling the problem of environment. 6. It was finally agreed that the information was not to be grade public or given to the press. 7. The same should have occurred on the Moon, at least, it was only logical to expect it. 8. Even if any living organisms could have existed on the planet at an earlier stage they ought to have disappeared, 9. The biggest problem in the world could'have been solved when it was small. 10. The UN Charter states that no country shall pursue its policy by force. 11. At different stages of research the scientist would be interested in different questions, the “how’s” and “why’s” being ihost difficult to find answers to. 12. Intelligence of human quality is not to be achieved overnight, there ought to pass plenty of time for anything comparable in complexity to human brain to evolve. 13, At this hour the planet is not to be seen at all. 14. Those species that remained were soon to face annihilation. 15. Un­

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controlled development of science could lead to disaster. 16. A true scientist will enjoy his work more than anything else and would often be prepared to sacrifice his weekends and vacation in order to proceed with his research. 17. A good dictionary is, of course, indispensable to anyohe who would know words and their use. 18. Life is full of stories of what might have been. 19. Each hypothesis should be exhausted before any new ideas are introduced. 20. This suggestion implies that galaxies must have formed when conditions in the universe were much more different from those now prevailing. 21. They understand how life might have originated under conditions that would appear alien to us now. 22. Any doubts that Galileo may have felt as to the significance of his discovery were removed nine months later when he observed the phases of Venus. 23. If this is so, Venus must be highly unsuited to the support of life now, and must have been still more so in the past. 24. However, to account for the non-coftstancy of the value one needs to modify the model to one that satisfies the following requirements. 25. It has been the author’s experience and the experience of many reading specialists that the students who read too slowly would have poor comprehension. 26. One would certainly have anticipated that the number of electrons in the rings would remain unchanged.

2. MODAL STRUCTURES

Pattern Study (24-25)

P a t t e r n 24:

(tf-CI). . .N,. . .would. . . Inf.

The discovery of life, on another planet would be a monument to our age. ~ To discover life on another planet would be a monument to our age. - If we discovered life on another planet, this would be a monument to our age. Открытие жизни (если бы мы открыли жизнь на другой планете) явилось бы памятником нашему веку.

Pattern Vocabulary (24). lis t 11

Remember the conjunctions and word groups used in Pattern 24.

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. . .Pron. rel.*. . .(Nj).. .would. •. .Inf.wttK>ott(). . .

There is no problem which would be more exciting to almost everybody than that of extraterrestrial life. Нет проблемы, которая возбуждала бы больший интерес почти у каждого, чем существо­ вание жизни вне Земли.

Pattern Practice (24—25)

Ex. 9. I. Look through lists A and В and make up various meaningful sentences according to Pattern 24 using if-clauses.

A. 1. More people were engaged in the project; 2. his views were presented in a popular lecture; 3. the conditions on the planet were less hostile; 4. man had learnt to cover such distances; 5. any of these conditions had been lacking; 6. all other resources were exhausted; 7. they had reached the same level of development; 8. the environment were drastically changed.

B. 1. No intelligence would have developed on the earth; 2. we would expect life there; 3. they would interest almost everybody; 4. they would soon overcome these difficulties; 5. we would have already explored other planets; 6. their civilization would not appear so much alien to us; 7. they would figure out how to make use of sea water; 8. no living being would survive.

II.Identify the structures according to Patterns 24— 25 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

1.If all the other data were lacking, we would still be justified in making this conclusion. 2. To judge by this analogy would be risky. 3. B ut for these fortuitous circumstances, the development of life on the earth would have required stjll longer time. 4. For any primitive society to reach this level would inevitably take plenty of time. 5. For a long tim e most scientists regarded it as a self-limiting process which would never lead to anything actually different. 6. If it were not for their close cooperation with other laboratories, the task would not have been accomplished on schedule. 7. The observation by itself would not be alarming if these creatures could be ejecte d to act reasonably. 8. W e

have to seek some other energy source that would supply us with th e

* Pron. rel =who, which, that, whose, what.

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amount sufficient for the earth to escape from the sun’s gravitation. 9. Under such circumstances the survival of the crew would ultimately depend on the skill and ingenuity of the engineers.

Reading Practice (24—25)

Text 10. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension check-up.

THE EXPLORATION OF AN EXOTIC PLANET’

Let us see what it means to explore a planet like the Earth. Imagine us living on some other planet, say, Mars. Let us start with groundbased observations. If we looked at the Earth from Mars using a large telescope, it would appear as a cloud-covered and distant planet. The bright features would soon be recognized as clouds. The underlying dark features would represent the Earth’s surface. If we studied the surface features for a long time, their accurate map could be constructed. If spectroscopic investigation of the Earth’s atmosphere in the ultravio­ let, visible, and infrared regions of the spectrum were carried out, it would give approximately correct information about such gases as ox­ ygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and ozone. Investigations of the infra­ red spectrum of atmosphere gases would indicate the variation of tem­ perature and pressure with altitude. These conclusions could be checked if we sent a spacecraft to orbit the Earth. The radio signals from our spacecraft might provide some additional information. But if we wanted to study the planet more thoroughly, we should have to send a land mission to the Earth.

2)Check up for comprehension.

1.What techniques are available for exploring an exotic planet?

2.What kind of information would be obtained with the help of a large telescope? 3. What kind of information would be obtained from spectroscopic investigation? 4. What would be the purpose of sending a spacecraft to orbit the planet? 5. What would be the purpose of sending a land mission there?

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Pattern Study (26)

P a t t e r n 26a:

In the hostile environment of space the astronaut must take precautions lest he (should) be affected by radiation. В неблагоприятной среде космического пространства космонавт должен обязательно принимать меры предосторожности, чтобы не подвергаться воз­ действию радиации.

P a t t e r n 26с:

. . .if. . .N,.. . should . . .In f.^ ,,. ..

S i t u a t i o n II

If you should travel in a spaceship, you yrould have to get used to weightlessness. Если бы вы вдруг оказались в космическом кораб­ ле, вам пришлось бы привыкать к невесомости.

* Or so that, m order that, lest

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Pattern Vocabulary (26). List 12

Remember the conjunctions used in Pattern 26.

provided

при условии, что...

jproviding

Pattern Vocabulary (26). List 13

/

Remember some of the words commonly used in the principal clause which introduces Pattern 26.

S i t u a t i o n II — Assessment of probability of N . . . V. 1. Verbs of estimation and emotion;

to be afraid to fear

to be sorry — сожалеть;

to be surprised — удивляться,

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F

to suggest

Pattern Practice (26)

Ex. 10. Look through lists А, В, C and make up various meaningful sen­ tences according to Pattern 26.

A.It seems inevitable; measures must be taken; they insisted on this procedure; they were afraid; they suggested; it is desirable; it would be only natural; it is strange; it is suggested; it is recommended; a sugges­ tion was made.

B.That; lest; in case; so that; in order that; if.

C.Someone should object to this project; a search for extraterrestri­ al life should be continued; the space researcher should be physically

fit; the technique should prove suitable for the purpose; some primitive people should inhabit the place; he should change his mind on the problem; any society should experience ups and downs in its develop­ ment.

Ex. 11. identify the structures according to Pattern 26 and give Rus­ sian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

l.The principle of relativity requires that the law of conservation of energy should hold relative to every “Galilean” system of coordinates. 2. Newton suggested that light be interpreted as a stream of particles. 3. It was suggested that the atmospheric and temperature ranges of those planets should be different from those of the Earth. 4. The instruments were packed carefully lest they should be damaged during transporta­

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tion. 5. Flying knowledge is necessary for a cosmonaut so that he be able to control a spaceship. 6.The first Soviet cosmonauts made their flights in order that the scientists should get answers to many fundamental questions concerning space. 7. It is quite possible that a radio message from civilizations on some of the planets should reach the Earth. 8. It was quite natural at that time that research and its propagation should be done by the same people. 9. In case we should receive a message from an intelligent society, we must be prepared in advance how to respond.

10. If such a fundamental principle should prove invalid for at least one set of conditions, we will find ourselves in a very unattractive situation.

Reading Practice (26)

Text 1 1 . 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension check-up.

PROBING THE UNIVERSE

Until quite recently man had no way of looking into space except through optical telescope. Optical astronomy enriched science with pro­ found knowledge of the Universe. But for radio-astronomy, however, we should have never made such new remarkable discoveries in the Universe as pulsars, radio galaxies, etc.

It should be emphasized that thanks to radio-astronomy, astro­ nomers have detected several dozen chemical compounds in the gas and dust clouds of interstellar space. It is desirable that theorists and experimenters should try to figure out how these compounds were made. It is believed that when gas atoms collide with the dust, they would stick. The dust seems to act as if it were a collector of'atoms and facil­ itated their combination.

Further progress in radio-astronomy will demand that scientists should take more and more advantage of instrumented satellites and should set up observatories on the Moon and on planets so that they could carry out continuous observation of space. In general, with long­ er observing times and with the help of cosmic laboratories,- the sen­ sitivity of detecting far-away bodies and chemical compounds would increase. More cosmic information would be obtained.

If use were made of such facilities as these, the next decade or so would reveal the richest rewards of space science.

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2)Check up for comprehension.

1.What are the latest discoveries in astronomy due to? 2. What is the actual contribution of radio-astronomy to science? 3. What is the hypothesis of the formation of chemical compounds in space? (What makes you think that this is a hypothesis?) 4. .What are the prospects of the nearest future development in the field?

Ex. 12. Identify two modals different in meaning and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

1. Mankind might never be able to journey there because of the enormous distances involved. 2. To attain these speeds one may have to overcome such difficulties as would make the whole project completely unrealistic. 3.Their ships would have to be larger than ocean liners, so that generations of crewmen could succeed each other on board. 4. The distances to be covered are so enormous that mankind might have to wait many a decade until this is possible. 5. It may be wrong to think that man is the only living being in the universe who should be able to grasp physical laws of nature. 6. As a result of these routine space flights we may be able to solve some urgent problems here on the Earth.

Ex. 13. Learn to distinguish between modal and auxiliary to have and to be. State their function and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

1. The argument is that by that time the resources of the planet may have been exhausted and man may have had to leave the Earth in search of another habitable place. 2. To get anywhere and back in a lifetime the speed would have to be very high so as to take advantage of the relativistic change in clock rates. 3. The maximum value which is to be expected is only reached in the range of variables used in the tests. 4. If Mars were to be a testing ground for our notions about the origin of life, we should avoid using these same notions to conclude in advance that Mars is lifeless. 5. As it is true of every author, we have had to be a little arbitrary in deciding what to include and what to omit. 6. In order to write a story about the future one had to have some notion of what the future held in store and in what approximate time period it was to

9 -*365

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take place. 7. If we were to build a scale model with the Earth as a ball 100 feet in diameter, this ocean would be less than half an inch deep.

Ex. 14. Learn to understand the difference between can and may, and w o u ld and should. Explain the author’s choice of the modal verb in the following sentences:

1.You may lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink.

2.Electric irons could be dangerous: they might give you a severe shock.

3.If you left at ten, you should arrive in time. If you left at nine, you

certainly would. 4 .1 think this shouldn’t be difficult. As a matter of fact, ' I think this would be easy. 5. In his orderly fashion Aristotle pointed out that each element had its natural place in the universe, each occupy­ ing its own sphere. Since the centre of Aristotle’s universe was the planet Earth, the sphere of “earth”, the most compact of the four elements was naturally the solid sphere of the Earth itself. Surrounding “earth” and covering it almost entirely was a spherical shell of water, and surrounding the water was a spherical shell of air. So much even the most cursory observations would support. Fire was more difficult. Ac­ cording to Aristotle’s line of reasoning, fire should form a spherical shell around the air. 6. If the house caught fire, I know what 1 should do but I’m not sure what I would do. 7. If by any chance you should be interested, I would be glad to send you a copy of my book.

Pattern Revision (24—26)

(to be done at home in written form)

Ex. 15. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mind modal structures.

1. If the Earth were stationary, the movement of the atmosphere would be controlled almost entirely by temperature differences. 2. It is strange that these two projects originating at two different laboratories should resemble each other in such details. 3. Modem research in space requires that a scientist should be informed about the main investiga­ tions in adjacent areas. 4. The martianologists of the 19th century and the early 20th would have been quite shocked if they had learned that the surface of Mars was as heavily created as that of the Moon. 5. Some people have proposed that the General Theory of Relativity should be abandoned, and replaced with something less eccentric. 6. Even if Ke­ pler had accepted Tycho’s theory, in order to solve the triangle, he would still have needed to know the direction of the line between Mars

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