Шахова (можно копировать)

должен, должны; пришлось, придется; принято, захотим, стре­ мимся, нужно; следует,

В. Planets like the Earth must be quite common. A question arises; what sort of life might exist within our own solar system other than that on the Earth? It is possible that simple forms of life may exist on Mars. Most astronomers would agree that they are not to find any intelligent life on the other planets that circle our sun.

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Intelligent life might exist on other worlds. If wonderful civilizations exist among the stars, it is only natural that human beings would want to visit them, or at least to communicate with them. But mankind may never be able to journey there to meet the inhabitants because of the enormous distances involved. No wonder the problem of intelligent life on other worlds should be so exciting!

, должно быть; не суждено; должна быть; возможно; могла бы; не исключено; не в состоянии; по-видимому; естественно.

C. Read the beginning of the sentences, and translate them into Russian choosing the proper .Russian equivalents of the modal verbs from the list below.

1. It,has to be admitted that... 2. One can conclude th a t.. 3. It will be remembered that... 4. It is to be stated that... 5. It should be stressed that

... 6. One would expect that... 7. It must be borne in mind that... 8. One may think that... /

можно, необходимо, естественно, есть основания, приходится, следует, нужно.

D. Choose the proper Russian equivalents of modal verbs with negation from the list below.

1. The method is not to be recommended. 2. It may or may not be the case. 3. You must not criticise your ideas while inventing them. 4. They need not be counted. 5. One does not have to accept this view­ point. 6. The fact cannot be denied. 7. The instrument should not be relied upon. 8. The calculation won’t agree with the observation. 9. The theory might not be valid for these conditions.

возможно и не; нельзя; необязательно; возможно не; не следует; упорно не (никак не); не надо; ничто не вынуждает; нет оснований.

д-2365

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Ex.

A.Use the proper verb basing on the arguments in brackets.

1.There... be a mistake in the calculation (because the author canno think of any other explanation of the result obtained). 2. Any creatufrom an outer civilization . . . appear alien to us (because this is th author’s personal viewpoint). 3. There were no universities in Greece a all, there were schools. A philosopher. . . have a school and a few men . come and listen to his lectures (because such was the tradition, th pattern of behaviour). 4. They knew that the project. . . be abandoned i a few months (because such was the decision taken or agreement made).

5.At that time it was not certain that the problem of overload . overcome at all (because it was not possible to produce necessary con­ ditions). 6. A single good idea... sometimesgive rise to a series ofhypothe (because there is a chance that this will be so). 7. Most scientists believe that to make Contacts with outer intelligent beings man . . . not leave the Earth' (because there are other possible ways of making contacts than travelling).

8.As soon as these results were published the theory . . . be revised (be­ cause it could not account for the new effect observed).

B . ' Read the text. Substitute the proper English modal verbs for the Russian words in brackets.

Those who wish to become students at the university (обязаны) take their entrance examinations. Recruitment of students to the uni­ versity follows certain procedures which no one (разрешено) ignore. I a perspective student is ill and (не в состоянии) appear before the examination board he (надлежит) present a medical certificate to this effect, in which case the examination (приходится) be postponed. Another rule is that no student (не должен) be late for his exa­ mination. Also, students (не должны) argue with the examination board, although this is not a regular rule, but rather wise advice. How-' ever, whether they strictly observe the rules or not, there are always people who (могут) fail in their examinations and those who (обычно) succeed. This (всегда была и будет) be the situation at all times.

Ex. 3 . Grammar in proverbs. Translate these sentences into Russian and suggest Russian sayings of similar meaning.

I. Friends may meet, but mountains never. 2. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 3. Who seeks blows shall perish by blows. 4. He who would search for pearls must dive below. 5. What can’t be cured must be endured. 6. What’s done cannot be undone. 7. If we

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can’t as we would, we must do as we can. 8. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 9. The beggar may sing before the thief. 10. None so deaf as those who won’t hear. 11. You may lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink. 12. Bad seed must produce bad com.

13. Accidents will happen. 14. It would make even a cat laugh. 15. The cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet.

Ex. 4 . Read an excerpt from the article by Academician Artzimovich concentrating on the modal words and compare English and Russian means of expressing the author’s attitude.

8*

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Pattern Revision

(to be done at home in written form)

Ex. 5.

A.Read another excerpt from the article by Academician Artzim vitch, which continues the discussion of science politics. Ide tify the structure according to Pattern 23 and give Russian equr alents of the relevant part of the sentence.

Approaching thq problem from another side, we may ask in whic areas of modem science the country should at all costs'strive for suprem асу and why supremacy in it is of such necessity now or in the ne future. Should equal investments be made all along the broadest possibl front of modem science — from the study of the farthest galaxies to th biochemistry of micro-organisms — or should a concentration of for be applied at several points only? If we recognize that information о new scientific findings is exchanged very rapidly, no matter whence г emanates, it may be adequate in some fields to carry on a minimum research, without contesting for a supremacy that might be very cost! At what level should explorations of this type proceed?

Not only must these questions be ahswered — someone must decid them.Government’s role in science is principally to do this.In fulfill’ it, government need not interfere in research itself, which would be senseless as coaching a football player during a game byholding his foot

In the context of these comments, I cannot undertake to disci the concrete means through which the government can develop 1 science politics. They have to be founded on an assessment of man factors, including the obvious ones of the immediate practical value the research results, the material costs of the investment in the research and the effects on the international competition in science and the concomitant problem of prestige.

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fв. Read the text and identify the structures according to Pattern

23.Give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

According to some authors, intelligent life on any planet should develop exponentially, with all the curves going infinitely upwards. The Earth’s civilization has already reached a stage at which we have to admit that, with this trend of development, mankind may face a really grave critical situation in the future, as the resources of this planet are inherently exhaustible.

What alternative is mankind to choose under these circumstances, in order to survive as a civilization? Undoubtedly, an end must be put to the anarchic development of the productive forces, to the uncon­ trolled growth of the population, to the barbarous treatment of nature. Naturally these urgent tasks facing the world can be successfully ac­ complished only with the establishment of a scientifically organized world community, that is, with the triumph of communism through­ out the world. Yet, until then, no effort should be spared in trying to handle the present-day situation as best we can.

It is already obvious that the continuing growth of the productive forces would, before too long, make this planet unsuitable for life as a result of heat and waste pollution of the environment, overpopulation and the like. This prospect makes some authors in the West speak of an urgent need to put a stop to unbounded development o f the productive forces and establishing a stringent control over them.

However, it can hardly be imagined that a civilization (the Earth’s civilization, for one) would consciously restrict itself to a purely qual­ itative development and abstain from any quantitative expansion. Such a situation would seem most improbable indeed. For example, can a decree be passed that space exploration shall be abandoned and no use shall be made of potentially unlimited resources which are to be found outside this planet? Or, who should ban utilizing outer space for ac­ commodating the industries adversely affecting the Earth’s ecology? Clearly, once brought to life by the technological progress, space ex­ ploration cannot be discontinued and is to be carried on for the benefit of those livirfg on the planet Earth.

Pattern Practice (23)

Ex. 6. Identify the modal verbs followed by perfect and non-perfect infinitive and give Russian equivalents of the predicates.

1. In the past the island must have been inhabited by some primitive tribe but now it has obviously been deserted. 2. The Moon, with its soft

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surface like damp sand, might have been designed for descendin spacecraft. 3. Under such an assumption they ought to have arrived a completely different conclusions. At least they might have. 4. With ou present-day technology such phenomena could not have been observe in the laboratory; what was registered must, in fact, have been due t some malfunctioning of the recorder. 5. It is difficult to figure out wf actually happened. They may have changed their minds at the las moment and may have set out in a different direction. Or else, the might be repelled by the idea of loneliness, and could have made a attempt to return. 6. According to his hypothesis, individual men coul have covered the distance between the two continents but would neve have risked to take their families along. 7. His idea tvas that these cosmi objects should have originated under such harsh conditions that n analogy might be valid.

Таблица

Study Modal Verbs with Perfect Infinitive

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лять больше внимания, чем это делалось.

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Reading Practice (23)

Text 9. 1) Read the text to youFself and be ready for a comprehension check-up.

There are reasons to expect galaxies that must have condensed to be brighter than typical galaxies of the present epoch. The energy released by the collapse of the protogalaxy would probably have been radiated away by hot gas before most of the stars formed. Moreover, the first generation of stars would have tended to be heavier and more lumi­ nous in relation to their mass than the stellar population in presentday galaxies. Although most of this energy would be radiated in the ultraviolet, it would be received in the near infrared owing to the red shift.Robert Bruce Partridge and Phillip James E.Peebles at Princeton have suggested that it might be feasible to detect such young galaxies even though these may now have a red shift of about 10.

2) Check up for comprehension.

1. Is it a statement of facts or a hypothesis? 2. What are the words on which your answer is based? 3. What is the difference between stars of different generations?

Ex. 7. Learn to ask questions with modal verbs making use of the word groups given below. Ask another student:

1)for permission to do smth., beginning your question with “May

I . . . ? ”

2)for advice, beginning your question with “Should i . ..?"

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