Контрольная работа № 2

II вариант

Task 1. Read the following text to answer some questions in writing.

The Causes of Crime (Part II)

Many prominent criminologists of the 19^th century, particularly those associated with the Socialist movement, attributed crime mainly to the influence of poverty. They pointed out that persons who are unable to provide adequately for themselves and their families through normal legal channels are frequently driven to theft, burglary, prostitution, and other offences. The incidence of crime especially tends to rise in times of widespread unemployment. Present-day criminologists take a broader and deeper view; they place the blame for most crimes on the whole range of environmental conditions associated with poverty. The living conditions of the poor, particularly of those in slums, are characterized by overcrowding, lack of privacy, inadequate play space and recreational facilities, and poor sanitation. Such conditions engender feelings of deprivation and hopelessness and are conducive to crime as a means of escape. The feelings is encouraged by the example set by those who have escaped to what appears to be the betters way of life made possible by crime.

The final major group of theories is psychological and psychiatric. Studies by such 20^th century investigators as the American criminologist Bernard Glueck and the British psychiatrist William Healy have indicated that about one-fourth of a topical convict population is psychotic, neurotic, or emotionally unstable and another one-fourth is mentally deficient. These emotional and mental conditions do not automatically make people criminals, but do, it is believed, make them more prone to criminality. Recent studies of criminals have thrown further light on the kinds of emotional disturbances that may lead to criminal behaviour.

Since the mid-20^th century, the notion that crime can be explained by any single theory has fallen into disfavor among investigators. Instead, experts incline to so-called multiple factor, or multiple causation theories. They reason that crime springs from a multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences- biological, psychological, cultural, economic and political. The multiple causation explanations seem more credible than the earlier, simpler theories. An understanding of the causes of crime is still elusive, however, because the interrelationship of causes is difficult to determine.

Answer the questions to the text “The Causes of Crime” (Part II) (in writing):

1. What views on crime predominated in the 19^th century?

2. How did criminological theories develop in the 20^th century?

3. What is the relationship between the mental and emotional state of a person and his or her inclinations to crime?

4. What are the latest views on the causes of crime?

Task 2. Find the English equivalents for:

(See the text “The Causes of Crime” (Part II))

Некоторые узнаваемые наследуемые черты; влияние бедности; выдающиеся ученые-криминологи; ряд условий; уровень преступности; кража со взломом; быть склонным к преступной деятельности; пролить свет на проблему; теория многообразия факторов; достоверная теория.

Task 3. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right:

a lawbreaker a burglar a murderer a kidnapper a drug dealer a traitor a gangster a terrorist a hooligan a bigamist a mugger

betrays his or her country to another state causes damage or disturbance in public places attacks and robs people, often in the street is a member of a criminal group a person who violates the law marries illegally, being married already takes away people by force and demands money for their return buys and sells drugs illegally breaks into houses or other buildings to steal uses violence for political reasons kills someone

Task 4. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Jack told his father, “I have lost my notebook”.

2. Henry said to me, “I didn’t throw stones at your dog”.

3. I told the policeman, “I saw the thief in the garden”.

4. He said, “I have eaten nothing for two days”.

5. Mary said, “I don’t want to wear this dress”.

6. My mother said to me, “I feel very tired, and I have a headache”.

7. My friend told me, “We have plenty of time to do our work”.

8. I said to my sister, “George has written me a long letter”.

Task 5. Render the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:

Обстоятельствами, ведущими к преступному поведению, считаются: антиобщественное поведение родителей; алкоголизм и нервно-психические заболевания родителей; низкий уровень культуры в семье.

Негативными особенностями личности и поведения считаются: прежняя судимость; совершение иных противоправных поступков; негативное отношение к нравственным ценностям; злобность, грубость и мстительность; пьянство, употребление наркотиков, азартные игры.

Итак, после того, как мы узнали о криминологии достаточно многое, нетрудно заключить, что преступность может возникнуть на основе взаимодействия личности и социальной среды.

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