прагматика и медиа дискурс / Teun A van Dijk - Communicating Racism

Appendix 403

them with an opportunity to air the complaints, resentment, or frustrations they felt about the neighborhood or the minorities, an occasion that seldom arises outside of personal contacts with family members, acquaintances, or neighbors. In several interviews, it was also mentioned that people "don't dare to talk about these things" anymore, for fear of "retaliation." In the low-contact, wealthier neighborhoods, it was generally much more difficult to find people who were willing to grant an interview.

The interview itself was minimally preprogrammed. As soon as the topic "minorities" was brought up, the interviewer usually "followed" the spontaneous talk of the interviewee, only occasionally "coming back" to the main topic after—sometimes lengthy—detours. The topical schema that would guarantee a minimal comparability of the interviews consisted of the—mnemotechnically useful, because the interviewers were instructed not to use notes or read questions—different "contexts" of ethnic experiences and opinions: first next-door neighbors and the neighborhood or the city, then public places such as buses or streetcars or shops, next the job, and finally schools if the interviewee had children. Also sources, such as personal talk and contacts and the media were mostly brought up, often by the interviewees themselves. For each main "contextual" topic, typical questions would pertain to people's reaction to the local (city) or national government's policies regarding minorities.

The second group of interviews (those prefaced by II-), carried out in an ethnically mixed, poor inner-city neighborhood (Transvaalbuurt) in Amsterdam, specifically focused on personal "experiences" people had had, and whether they could tell stories about them. The main aim of that part of the project was to focus on the structures and functions of narratives in talk about ethnic minorities. The third group of interviews, carried out in a White, wealthy neighborhood, placed the focus on reasons and argumenta people formulated for their opinions, and in their analysis we paid attention especially to argumentative structures. The fourth group of interviews in Amsterdam focused on information sources, such as family members, acquaintances, friends, neighbors, or the media.

The interviews held in San Diego were, of course, tuned to topics that were specifically salient in the United States and Southern California, such as affirmative action (jobs, education, housing, busing), the immigration of Asians and Mexicans, the position of "illegal aliens" and recent legislation pertaining to "guest labor." The code numbers of these interviews are preceded by "A" (for "America").

Requests to tape the interview were always made and nearly always granted (3 refusals for more than 170 interviews). The interviewees

404 Communicating Racism

were pledged anonymity and confidentiality of the interview and interview data.

Transcripts

All interviews were transcribed literally, including hesitation phenomena, false starts, repairs, and so on. Yet, lengthy passages that had no direct or indirect bearing to the main "ethnic topic" were not transcribed in order to save time and xerox costs. Transcription conventions were followed, but not the highly precise ones that have become customary in conversational analysis (by which one minute of conversation on average takes one hour of transcription). For hundreds of hours of interviewing, such a method would be both practically impossible and hardly relevant for most of our analytical goals. Moreover, it is impossible to train students to carry out such an expert task in the course of a few weeks. For a more detailed study of typical conversational phenomena, such more detailed transcripts are, however, necessary.

406 Communicating Racism

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. London: Cambridge University Press. Bauman, R., & Sherzer, J. (Eds.). (1974). Explorations in the ethnography of speak-

ing. London: Cambridge University Press.

Becker, L. (1982). The mass media and citizen assessment of issue importance: A reflection on agenda-setting research. In D. C. Whitney, E. Wartella, & S. Windahl (Eds.), Mass communication review yearbook (pp. 521-536). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Beinstein, J. (1975). Conversations in public places. Journal of Communication, (Winter), 85-95.

Berger, C. R., & Bradac, J. R. (1982). Language and social knowledge. London: Arnold.

Berkowitz, L. (1972). Frustrations, comparisons, and other sources of emotional arousal as contributors to social unrest. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 77-92.

Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, codes, and control. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Bettelheim, B., & Janovitz, M. (1964). Social change andprejudice. New York: Free

Press.

Bettinghaus, E. P. (1973). Persuasive communication (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Billig, M. (1976). Social psychology and intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.

Black, J. B., Galambos, J. A., & Read, S. J. (1984). Comprehending stories and social situations. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 119-160). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Black, J. B., & Wilensky, R. (1979). An evaluation of story grammars. Cognitive Science, 3, 213-229.

Blumler, J. G., & Katz, E. (Eds.). (1974). The uses of mass communications. Beverly Hilas, CA: Sage.

Bodenhausen, G. V., & Wyer, R. S., Jr. (1985). Effects of stereotypes on decision making and information-processing strategies. Journal of Personaliry and Social Psychology, 48, 267-282.

Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Measuring social distances. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299-308.

Bogle, D. (1973). Toms, coons, mulattoes, mammies and bucks: An interpretive his- tory of Blacks in American films. New York: Viking Books.

Bottomore, T. B. (1964). Elites and sociery. London: C.A. Watts.

Bourdieu, E, & Passeron, J-C. (1977). Reproduction in education, sociery and culture.

Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Bourne, J. (1980). Cheerleaders and ombudsmen: The sociology of race relations in Britain. Roce and Class, 21, 331-352.

Bovenkerk, E, Brunt, L. et al. (1985). Vreemde gasten, gemengde gevoelens [Strange guests, míxed feelíngs]. Meppel (The Netherlands): Boom.

Bower, G. H. (1980). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148. Bowser, B., & Hunt, R. G. (Eds.). (1981). Ihe impact of racism on white Americans.

Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Breckler, S. J. (1984). Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personaliry and Social Psychology, 47, 11911205.

Brewer, M. B., & Campbell, D. T. (1976). Ethnocentrism and intergroup attitudes: East-African evidence. New York: Halstead Press.

Brewer, W. F., & Nakamura, G. V. (1984). The nature and functions of schemas. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 119I60). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

References 407

Brigham, J. C. (1971). Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 15-38. Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. London: Cambridge University

Press.

Brown, L. B. (1973). Ideology. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Brown, P., & Fraser, C. (1979). Speech as a marker of situation. In K. R. Scherer & H. Giles (Eds.), Social markers in speech (pp. 33-62). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena. In E. N. Goody (Ed.), Questions and polfteness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, R., & Gilman, A. (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Style in language (pp. 253-277). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Burgoon, M., & Bettinghaus, E. P. (1980). Persuasive message strategies. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Persuasion: New directions in theory and research

(pp. 141-170). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Button, G., & Casey, N. (1984). Generating topic: The use of topic initial elicitors. In J. M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social action (pp. 167-190). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

Cacioppo, J. T., Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1981). The nature of actitudes and cognitive responses and their relationship to behavior. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 31-54). Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1979). Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive responses, recall and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 97-109.

Cantor, N., & Mischel, W. (1977). Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 38-48.

Cantor, N., & Mischel, W. (1979). Prototypes in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol 12, pp. 3-52). New York: Academic Press.

Cappella, J. N., & Folger, J. P. (1980). An information-processing explanation of attitude-behavior inconsistency. In D. P. Cushman & R. D. McPhee (Eds.),

Message-attitude-behavior relationship (pp. 149-194). New York: Academic Press. Carbonel1, J., Jr. (1979). Subjective understanding: Computer models ofbeliefsystems.

Doctoral dissertation, Yate University.

CCCS (Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Birmingham). (1978). On ideology. London: Hutchinson.

CCCS (1982). The empire strikes back. Race and racism in 70s Britain. London: Hutchinson.

Castles, S. (1984). Herefor good. Western Europes New Ethnic Minorities. London: Pluto Press.

Chabrol, C. (1973). La logiquedu récit. Paris: Seuil.

Chafe, W. L. (Ed.). (1980). Thepearstories. Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Chaiken, S. (1979). Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1387-1397.

Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752-766.

Chapman, L. J. (1967). Illusory correlation in observational repon. Journal of Verbal

Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 151-155.

Chase, A. (1975). 77w legacy of Malthus. The social costs of the new scientific racism.

Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

408 Communicating Racism

Chibnall, S. (1977). Law-and-ordernews. London: Tavistock.

Cialdini, R. B., & Petty, R. E. (1981). Anticipatory opinion effects. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 217236). Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Cicourel, A. V. (1964). Method and measurement in sociology. New York: Free Press. Cicourel, A. V. (1973). Cognitive sociology, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Cicourel, A. V. (1980). Three models of discourse analysis. The role of social structure. Discourse Pracesses, 3, 101-132.

Coenen, A. W. M., & van Dijk, J.J.M. (1976). Misdaadverslaggeving in Nederland [Crime reporting in the Netherlands]. The Hague: Ministry of Justice, WODC (Scientific Research and Documentation Centre).

Cohen, S. (1980). Folk devils and moral panics (2nd rev. ed.). Oxford: Robertson. Cohen, S., & Young, J. (Eds.). (1981). The manufacture of news. Deviance, social

problems and the mass media (2nd rev. ed.). London: Constable/Sage. Communications 8 (1966). L'analyse structurale du récit. Paris: Seuil.

Corbett, E.P.J. (1971). Classical rhetoricfor the modem student. New York: Oxford University Press.

Coulthard, M. (1977). Introduction to discourse analysis. London: Longman. Cox, O. C. (1948). Caste, class & roce. New York: Doubleday.

CRC (Community Relations Commission). (1976). Some ofmy best friends. A repon on roce relations attitudes. London: Author.

Critcher, C., Parker, M., & Sondhi, R. (1977). Race in the provincial press: A case study of five West Midlands papers. In UNESCO, ethnicity in the media (pp. 25192). Paris: Unesco.

Crocker, J., Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1984). Schematic bases of belief change. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 197-226). New York: Springer Verlag.

Cronkhite, G., & Liska, J. R. (1980). The judgment of communicant acceptability. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Persuasion: New directions in theory and research (pp. 101-140). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Cushman, D. P., & McPhee, R. D. (Eds.). (1980). Message-attitude-behavior relationship. New York: Academic Press.

de Beaugrande, R., & Dressler, W. U. (1981). Introduction to text linguistics. London: Longman.

den Uy1, M., & van der Wurff, A. (1984). Ethnische attitude in informele gesprekken [Ethnic attitude in informal conversations]. T17 4, 147-176.

De Mott, J., & Roberts, R. (1979). White racism, blacks, and mass communication: An instruction source bibliography. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Educatíon in Journalism, Houston, TX, August.

Deschamps, J-C. (1977). L'attribution et la catégorisation sociale. Bern: Peter Lang. Deschamps, J-C. (1983). Social attribution. In J. Jaspars, F. D. Fincham, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Attribution theory and research (pp. 223-240). London: Academic

Press.

Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influence upon individual judgment. Journal ofAbnormal and Social Psychology,

51,629-636.

Dik, S. C. (1978). Functional grammar. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Dixon, R. (1977). Catching them young. 1. Sex, mce and class in children's fiction.

London: Pluto Press.

Doise, W. (1984). Social representations, inter-group experiments and levels of analysis. In R. M. Farr, & S. Moscovící (Eds.), Social representations (pp. 255-268). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Downing, J. (1980). The media machine. London: Pluto Press.

Duncan, B. L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower límits of stereotypíng Blacks. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598.

Duranti, A. (1985). Socio-cultural dimensions of discourse. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Handbook of discourse analysis (Vol 1, pp. 193-230). London: Academic Press.

Eagly, A. H. (1974). Comprehensibility of persuasive arguments as a determinant of opinion change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 758-773.

Eagly, A. H. (1981). Recipient characteristics as determinants of responses to persuasion. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 173-196). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Eagly, A. H., Chaiken, S., & Wood, W. (1981). An attributional analysis of persuasion. In J. Harvey, W. Ickes, & R. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Ebel, M., & Fiala, P. (1983). Sous le consensus, la xénophobie (Memoires et documents 16). Lausanne: Institut de Sciences Politiques.

Ehlich, K. (Ed.). (1980). Erzlihlen im Alltag. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

Ehrlich, H. J. (1973). The social psychology ofprejudice. New York: John Wiley. Eiser, J. R. (Ed.). (1984). Attitudinaljudgment. New York: Springer.

Eiser, J. R., & Stroebe, W. (1972). Categorization and socialjudgement. London: Academic Press. '

Eiser, J. R., & van der Pligt, J. (1984). Accentuation theory, polarization, and the judgment of attitude statements. In J. R. Eiser, (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 43-63). New York: Springer.

Elias, N., & Scotson, J. L. (1965). The established and the outsiders. London: Cass & Company.

Emler, N. (1982). The interpersonal origins of knowledge. Paper presented at the conference on "New Perspectives in the Experimental Study of the Social Development of Intelligence," Geneva, June. Unpublished manuscript, University of Dundee, Department of Psychology.

Emler, N. (1983). Why gossip is important: The role of gossip in managing relations with a network of acquaintances. Paper presented at the second International Conference on Social Psychology and Language, Bristol, July. University of Dundee, Department of Psychology.

Erickson, F., & Shultz, J. (1982). The counselor as gatekeeper: Social interaction in interviews. New York: Academic Press.

Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1984). Verbal reports as data. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Essed, P.J.M. (1982). Racisme and feminisme. Socialisties-Feministiese Teksten (Sara Publications, Amsterdam), 7, 9-41.

Essed, P.J.M. (1984). Alledaags racisme [Everyday racism]. Amsterdam: Sara. (English translation in preparation.) Claremont, CA: Hunter House.

Essed, P.J.M. (1986). The Dutch as an everday problem. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, Center for Race and Ethnic Studies.

Estel, B. (1983). Soziale Vorurteile und soziale Urteile. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

Farr, R. M., & Moscovici, S. (Eds.). (1984). Social representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ferrara, A. (1985). Pragmatics. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Handbook ofdiscourse analysis (Vol. 2, pp. 137-158). London: Academic Press.

Ferro, M. (1981). Comment on raconte 1'histoire aux enfants d travers le monde entier.

Paris: Payot.

410 Communicating Racism

Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Fine, G. A. (1985). Rumors and gossiping. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Handbook of discourse analysis (Vol. 3, pp. 223-237). London: Academic Press.

Fischer, P. L., & Lowenstein, R. L. (Eds.). (1967). Race and the news media. New York: Praeger.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1981). Acceptance, yielding and impact. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 339359). Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Fishman, M. (1980). Manufacturing the news. Austin: University of Texas Press. Fiske, S. T. (1981). Social cognition and affect. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social

behavior and the environment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1984). Social cognition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley., Forgas, J. P. (1979). Social episodes. London: Academic Press.

Forgas, J. P. (1981). Affective and emotional influences on episode representations. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Social cognition (pp. 165-180). London: Academic Press.

Forgas, J. P. (Ed.). (1981). Social cognition. Perspectives on everyday understanding.

London: Academic Press.

Fowler, R., Hodge, B., Kress, G., & Trew, T. (1979). Language and control. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Furnham, A., & Argyle, M. (Eds.). (1981). Pie psychology of social situations. Oxford: Pergamon Press,

Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2, 64-91.

Gans, H. (1979). Deciding what's news. New York: Pantheon Books.

Gardner, R. C., Taylor, D. M., & Feenstra, H. J. (1970). Ethnic stereotypes: Attítudes or beliefs? Canadian Journalof Psychology, 24, 321-334.

Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Clíffs, Ni: Prentice Hall.

Gilbert, S. J. (1976). Empirical and theoretícal extensions of self-disclosure. In G. R. Miller (Ed.), Explorations in interpersonal communication (pp. 197-215). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Glazer, N. (Ed.). (1985). Clamor at the gates. Pie new American immigration. San Francisco: ICS (Institute of Contemporary Studies) Press.

Glock, C. Y., & Siegelman, E. (Eds.). (1969). Prejudice U.S.A. New York: Praeger. Goffman, E. (1959). Me presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY:

Doubleday.

Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Goffman, E. (1969). Strategic interaction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Goody, E. N. (Ed.). (1978). Questions andpoliteness. London: Cambridge University Press.

Gouldner, A. W. (1979). 7he future of intellectuals and the rise of the new class. London: Macmillan.

Granberg, D. (1984). Attributing attitudes to groups. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 85-108). New York: Springer.

Grant, P. R., & Holmes, J. G. (1981). The integration of implicit personality theory, schemas and stereotype images. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 107-115.

Greenberg, B. S., & Atkin, C. (1978). Learning about minorities from television.

Paper presentad at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism, Seattle.

Greenberg, B. S., & Mazingo, S. L. (1976). Racial issues in mass media institutions. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 309-340). New York: Pergamon Press.

Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1985). The effects of an overheard ethnic slur on evaluations of the target: How to spread a social disease. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 61-72.

Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Cognitive leaming, cognitive response to persuasion and attitude change. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, & T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychologicalfoundations of attitudes. New York: Academic Press.

Greenwald, A. G., Brock, T. C., & Ostrom, T. M. (Eds.). (1968). Psychological foundations of attitudes. New York: Academic Press.

Gurwitz, S. B., & Dodge, K. A. (1977). Effects of confirmations and disconfirmations on stereotype-based attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35,

495-500.

Gutiérrez, F. (1978). 7hrough Anglo eyes: Chicanos as portrayed in the news media.

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Education in Journalism, Seattle.

Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state and law and order. London: Methuen.

Hamilton, D. L. (1976). Cognitive biases in the perception of social groups. In J. S. Carroll & J. W. Payne (Eds.), Cognition and social behavior (pp. 81-94). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hamilton, D. L. (1979). A cognitive-attributional analysis of stereotyping. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 53-84). New York: Academic Press.

Hamilton, D. L. (1981). Illusory correlation as a basis for stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes of stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 115144). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hamilton, D. L., & Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.

Hamilton, D. L., Katz, L. B., & Leirer, V. O. (1980). Organizational processes in impression fiormation. In R. Hastie, T. M. Ostrom, E. B. Ebbesen, R. S. Wyer, D. L. Hamilton, & D. E. Carlston (Eds.), Person memory: Pie cognitive basis of social perception (pp. 121-154). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hamilton, D. L., & Rose, T. L. (1980). Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832-845.

Hamilton, D. L. (Ed.). (1981). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Harré, R. (1979). Social being. Oxford: Blackwell.

Harré, R., & Secord, P. F. (1972). The explanation of social behavior. Oxford: Blackwell.

Hartmann, P., & Husband, C. (1974). Racism and the mass media. London: DavisPoynter.

Hass, R. G. (1981). Effects of source characteristics on cognitive responses and persuasion. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 141-172). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hass, R. G. (1981). Presentational strategies and the social expression of attitudes: Impression management within limits. In J. T. Tedeschi (Ed.), Impression management. Theory and social psychological research (pp. 127-146). New York: Academic Press.

Hastie, R. (1981). Schematic principies in human memory. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition. Pie Ontario Symposium (Vol. 1, pp. 39-88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

412 Communicating Racism

Hastie, R., Ostrom, T. M., Ebbesen, E. B., Wyer, R. S., Hamilton, D. L., & Carlston, D. E. (Eds.). (1980). Person memory: The cognitive basis of social perception.

Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Hastie, R., Park, B., & Weber, R. (1984). Social memory. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 2 pp. 151-212). Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Heider, E (1946). Attitudes and cognitive organization. Journal of Psychology, 21, 107-112.

Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley. Heritage, J. (1984). A change-of-state token and aspects of sequential placement. In J. M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social action (pp. 299-345).

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hewstone, M. (1983). The role of language in attribution processes. In J. Jaspars, F. D. Fincham, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Attribution theory and research: Conceptual, developmental and social dimensions (pp. 241-260). London: Academic Press.

Hewstone, M., & Jaspars, J. (1982). Explanations for racial discrimination: The effect of group discussion on intergroup attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 12, 1-16.

Higgins, E. T. (1981). The "communication game": Implications for social cognition and persuasion. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition. The Ontario Symposium (Volume 1, pp. 343-392). Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Higgins, E. T., Herman H. P., & Zanna, M. P. (Eds.). (1981). Social cognition. The Ontario Symposium. (Vol. 1), Hillsdale, Ni: Erlbaum.

Himmelfarb, S., & Eagly, A. H. (Eds.). (1974). Readings in attitude change. New York: John Wiley.

Hoffmann, L., & Even, H. (1984). Soziologie der Ausldnderfeindlichkeit. Weinheim and Basel: Beltz.

Hovland, C. I., & Janis, I. L. (Eds.). (1959). Personality and persuasibility. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, J. J. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Hovland, C. I., Luchins, A. S., Mandell, W., Campbell, E. H., Brock, T. C., McGuire, W. J., Feierabend, R. L.; Anderson, N. H. (Eds.). (1957). The order of presentation in persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Hovland, C. I., Lumsdaine, A. A., & Sheffield, F. D. (1949). Experiments on mass communication. Princeton, Ni: Princeton University Press.

Hovland, C. I., & Rosenberg, M. J. (Eds.). (1960). Attitude organization and change. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.

Hovland, C. I., & Weiss. W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635-650.

Howard, J. & Rothbart, M. (1980). Social categorization and memory for ingroup and outgroup behavior. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 301-310.

Husband, C. (Ed.). (1982). "Roce" in Britain. London: Hutchinson.

Hyman, H. H. (1975). Interviewing insocial research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hymes, D. (1962). The ethnography of speaking. In T. Gladwin & W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Anthropology and human behavior (pp. 13-53). Washington, DC: Anthropological Society of Washington.

Insko, C. A. (1967). Theories of attitude change. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts.