прагматика и медиа дискурс / Teun A van Dijk - Communicating Racism

Model (of situation), 50, 185-186, 191; and interpretation of ethnic encounters, 235237; and persuasion, 262-262; and prejudice, 198; and semantic representation, 275; biased, 245-248; context, 262-263; 272-273; formation, 312-314; manipulation, 288; of ethnic situation, 274-275; prejudiced, 245-248; schema, 290; search, 275-278; speaker, 263, 291, 302-306; text, 272; vs. attitude schema, 238

Moderation, 129-130

Move, and strategy, 88-89; cognitive functions of, 99; Concession, 93-94; Contrast, 9697; definition of, 87-88; Denial, 90-91; Example, 90; Explanation, 92-93; Generalization, 90-91; Mitigation, 95-96; pragmatic, 99; semantic, 86-98; social functions of, 99

Narrative, see Story; schema, 275-278 National Front, 42, 234

National policy, as topic, 52-53 Negative other-presentation, 293-299 Negativity, 274-275

Negativization, 197-198, 241-242 Neigborhood, 399-400

New racism, 368

News media, 40-46; see also Media Newspaper, see Media

Norm, 267; as topic, 54-55 North America, 222

Occupation, and prejudice, 350; as variable in source reference, 175-176

Opinion, 190-191; acceptance, 325; attributed to sources, 136-137; (con-)firmation, 320322; change, 319-328; general vs. particular, 264-265; of source, 332; personal 332-333; rejection of, 322-325; representing, 314-315; (trans-)formation, 319-328; vs. attitude, 264-265

Ordinary explanations, 20 Organization, of prejudice, 213-222 Origin, 205-206

Out-group, 195 Overgeneralization, 247, 327

Party, racist, 234

Person schema, 192, 288

Personal, characteristics, 210-211; communication, 132-134, 141-153; contact, or media? 137-138; experiences, as a source, 124-125

Personality, 210-211

Persuasion, 13, 24-25; and argument, 258259; and behaviorism, 254; and beliefs, 263-264; and cognition, 257-258; and communication, 250-268; and comprehension, 260; and discourse analysis, 256257; and knowledge, 263-264; and model, 262; and representation, 260-261; and social characteristics, 263; cognitive theory of, 253-268; cognitivistic approaches, 256257; components of, 258-268

Persuasive, communication of prejudice, 284300; message, 256-257; message strategy, 260

Phases of discourse comprehension, 308-309 Plan, 266

Polarization, 204, 244-245

Positive, report, in the media, 159; selfpresentation, 293-299; talk, 128-129

Power, 221-222, 263, 376 Preformulation, of prejudice, 361

Prejudice, see also Racism, Ethnic Attitudes; and age, 350;" and ares, 349; and bias, 239240; and cognition, 25-26; and communication, 12; and contact, 352-355; and discourse, 12, 30-118; and education, 350; and emotion, 197-198; and experience, 352-355; and gender, 350, 355; and institutional discourse, 12; and media, 359-366; and occupation, 350; and persuasion, 12; and situation model, 198; and social context, 26-27, 345-382; and types of discourse, 39-40; as group attitude, 195-213; as social cognition, 180-182; cognitive dimensions of, 180-249, 391-392; communicating, 269-301; definition of, 27, 195196; general properties of, 195-202; hierarchical structure of, 219; level, 176177, 355-357; in different countries, 222234; interpersonal communication of, 250-344; organization of, 202-213; persuasive communication of, 284-300; preformulation of, 361; role in production, 278-279; scale, 131-132, 176-177; schema, 58-60; social functions of, 181-182, 201; strategies of, 181; study of, 14

Prejudiced discourse, 30-118; and the media, 123-124; and topics, 50-62; as conversation, 109-117; cognitive dimension of, 391-392; producing, 270-283; representation of, 301-319; social functions of, 377382; understanding of, 301-319

Prejudiced, situation models, 245-248; talk,

434 Communicating Racism

see Prejudiced discourse; topics, in the Netherlands and California, 56-58

Press, see Media Primacy, 259, 261

Processing report, analysis of, 336-344 Producing prejudiced talk, 270-283 Production, and communication, 251; and for-

mulation, 281; summary of components, 282-283

Pronoun, of ethnic distance, 104 Propaganda, racist, 161-162 Prototype, 184, 247 Psycho-logic, 255

Quantitative data, on ethnic information use, 328-336

Racism, 14, 27-28; and discourse, 12-13; and elites, 15; and the media, 40-46; as taboo, 103-104; cognitive dimensions of, 12; definition of, 27; denial of, 15; elite, 228229, 347-348; everyday, 103; micro vs. macro levels of, 11; new, 368; of working class, 228-229; study of, 14, 347; symbolic, 225-226, 368; vs. ethnicism, 28

Racist party, 161-162, 234

Reaction, to positive media report, 159; to source, 135-136, 329-330

Recali, and attitude change, 260; of ethnic events, 247

Recency, 259, 261 Recommendation, 381

Refugees, economic, 373-374; Tamil, 370376

Rejection, of opinion, 322-325 Reliability, of interviews, 121 Reminding, 236-238

Repair, 112-113 Reported facts, 135

Representation, and persuasion, 260-261; of prejudiced discourse, 301-319

Representativeness, 235 Representing opinion, 314-315

Reproduction, 23-24; of fact, 329; of source, 131-140

Resentment, against negative reportíng, 158 Resolution, of story, 276-277

Rhetoric, 34-35, 105-109, 388-389 Rhetorical operations, 105-109; and semantic

operations, 106-107 Rhetorical question, 107-108 Rights, as topic, 54

Rigidity, 201

Salience, 237-238, 240 Scandinavia, 233 Scapegoating, 244

Schema, 184, 202; attitude, 192; narrative, 275-278; person, 192, 288; self-, 288

Script, 184-187, 264; and attitude, 264 Selection, 240; of interviewees, 400-401 Self-confirmation, 236, 246, 326 Self-disclosure, 293

Self-fulfilling prophecy, 246 Self-impression, 86 Self-norm violation, 199

Self-presentation, 86, 287-288, 293-299; social, 379-380

Self-repon, 19, 121

Self-schema, 288

Semantic, move, 86-98, 388; interpretation, 310-312; representation, 275

Setting, of story, 276-277 Short term memory, 309

Situation model, 185-186, 191, 274-275; see also Model; and persuasion, 262-262; and prejudice, 198; schema, 185-186; social, 345-346

Social cognition, 13-14, 20, 27; and prejudice, 180-182; principies of, 267; sharing, 377378

Social context, 394-395; and communication, 251; and prejudice, 26-27; of prejudice, 345-382

Social distance scale, 205; functions, of prejudiced talk, 377-382; information processing, 181; interaction, strategy of, 284-285; knowiedge, 377-378; parameters, of prejudice, 348-358; problems, as topic, 53; representations, 13; situation, 345-346

Socioeconomic status, 206-207 Sociocultural properties, 208-209

Source, and attributed opinions, 136-137; and stereotype, 146-149; and story, 149-152; of opinion, 390-391; of prejudiced taik, 119-179; opinion, 332; references, variations in, 170-172; reproduction, 131-140; types of, 120; types of analysis of, 123;

South-Africa, 222;

Speaker model, 263, 291, 302-306; Speech acta, 35-37;

Stereotype, 14, 146-149, 164-165, 195; Story, 62-76, 386-387; see also Narrative;

about 'foreigners', 65-76; American, 74; and topic, 64; categories, 68; cognitive basis of, 65; from source, 149-152; grammar, 63; Resolution of, 70; schema, 63-65; structure, 62-65; understanding, 309-319

Storytelling, 386-387

Strategic talk, about ethnic groups, 293-2991 Strategies, of prejudice, 181

Strategy, 86-89, 187-188, 235, 284-286, 8689; see also Move; and move, 88-89; communication, 251-252; global vs. local, 86-87; negative other-presentation, 293299; of impression management, 288,291293; of prejudiced information processing, 234-245; of social interaction, 284-285; positive self-presentation, 293-299; understanding of, 316-319

Style, 34-35, 99-105, 388-389; figures of, 106; of moderation, 100-101

Subtyping, 280

Symbolic racism, 225-226, 368

Talk, see Discourse, Conversation; about foreigners, 142-143; positive, 128-129; strategic, 293-299

Tamils, 370-376 Television, see Media Text model, 272 Textbooks, 46-47 Theme, see Topic Threat, 220

Topic categories, in sources, 164-166 Topic of conversation, 48-62

Topic, 385-386; and area of source reference,

Index 435

172-173; and prejudice schema, 58-60; as semantic macrostructure, 48-49; contact as, 51-52; education as, 55; experimental confirmation of, 60-61; in the Netherlands and California, 56-58; in prejudiced discourse, 50-62; national policy as, 52-53; norms as, 54-55; of source, 140-153; rights as, 54; social problems as, 53; work as, 53-54

Trait, 213 Transcript, 404

Transformation, and communication, 251; of attitude, 3 19-328

Überfremdung, 232

Understanding, context, 302-306; of action, 244; of discourse strategy, 316-319; of prejudiced discourse, 301-319; prejudiced discourse, 307-319; story, 309-319

United States, 224-226 Us, vs. them, 300

Value, 267

Vividness, 235

West Germany, 230-234

White racism, 223

White sociology, 14

Work, as topic, 53-54

Working class, 228-229