15. Типологічна характеристика самостійних частин мови в англійській та українській

мовах: іменник.

The noun as a part of speech is characterised in English and Ukrainian by a common lexico-grammatical nature of substantivity or "thingness". This meaning (thingness) finds its realisation not only in concrete nouns (book, boy, house, tree.) but also in abstract nouns (love, business, information.). Hence, typologically isomorphic are also the main paradigmatic classes of nouns, which are two: 1) common nouns and 2) proper names.

Concrete nouns	Abstract nouns	Collective nouns	Names of materials	Class nouns
arrow, cap, carp, doll, tree, house, book; стріла, дерево, кашкет,	fear, hatred, knowledge, news; страх, ненависть,	cattle, crew, family, militia, government, poultry; худоба,	air, flour, iron, salt, snow; повітря, цукор, борошно,	bird, desk, book, cat, flower, glove, kite; птах, стіл,
короп, лялька,	знання, вість,	екіпаж, сім'я,	залізо, сіль,	квітка, книжка,
дім, хата.	сум, радість.	міліція, гроші.	сніг, пісок.	змій, кіт.

Each of these two main classes of nouns is sub-categorised in English and Ukrainian into several minor groups:

Proper names in their turn split in English and Ukrainian into some common subclasses as well. The main of them are as follows:

Names/Nicknames of people(s), nationals	Family names	Geographical names	Names of companies, newspapers, journals, etc.
Ann, Yankeys, English, Michael, the Dutch, Nelly, Ukrainians, Oscar — англійці, Ганна, Данило, Михайло, Леся, українці, Надія, Ярослав Мудрий	Adams, Byron, McDonald, Newton, Smith, Shakespeare -Аврамчук, Лукаш, Сміт, Довженко, Винник, Кизима, Шумило, Петлюра, Коновалець, Мельник, Каденюк.	Alaska, Chicago, Leeds, Ottawa, the Black Sea, the North Sea, the Buh, Аляска, Вінниця, Київ, Моринці, Чорне море, Північне море, Буг.	Ford, Standard Oil, Rolls-Royce, Volkswagen, The Daily Telegraph — "Світоч", фірма "Світанок", "Форд", "Прогрес", "Всесвіт", "Дзвін", "Дніпро".

Isomorphism is equally observed in the existence of some other grammatically and typologically relevant groups of nouns in English and Ukrainian. Among these are, first of all, life nouns (boy, girl, cat— хлопець, дівчина, кіт); inanimate nouns (atom, bell, door, stone — атом, дзвін, двері, шлях); count nouns (pen, star, tree, wall — ручка, зірка, дерево, стіна), and noncount nouns (air, honesty, slavery — повітря, чесність, рабство), etc. There is some allomorphism, however, in the realisation of the meaning (and category) of number and quantity in some groups of nouns in the contrasted languages.

Among these are some collective nouns, which may be used in English both in singular and in plural (when the constituent members of these collective nouns are meant). Cf: My family is small — My family are early risers). Hence, in plural these collective nouns become nouns of multitude, as militia, police, cattle, having always, however, a singular meaning in Ukrainian (cf. вся родина зійшлася, поліція/міліція слідкує за порядком, etc.).

The most characteristic divergent feature of English nouns as compared with the Ukrainian ones is their usually indistinct lexico-grammatical nature at language level. As a result, determiners (usually the definite or the indefinite article or demonstrative pronouns) are used to identify these nouns: the bear, that round of talks. Besides, English nouns are often determined by the -'s/-s- element (cf. today's weather, London's population, etc.).

From the morphological side, the noun is characterised in the contrasted languages by the existence of a system of suffixes and prefixes performing, as a rule, isomorphic functions in both contrasted languages. These suffixes fall into several common in English and Ukrainian subgroups. Among them are traditionally distinguished productive and unproductive suffixes, native and borrowed (or international) suffixes, as well as different semantic groups of suffixes which, when added to various roots, may form agent nouns. These common classes in the contrasted languages are as follows:

English Agent Nouns Suffixes	Ukrainian Agent Nouns Suffixes
-ant: servant, irritant; -ent: dependent, solvent, student -ar: beggar, scholar; -er: weaver, teacher, interpreter, farmer; -ier: cashier; -or: sailor, translator, tailor.	-ник: завойовник, обвідник; -яч-ач: глядач, перекладач, копач, наймач; -ець: їздець, кравець, співець; -тель: вихователь, учитель; -щик/ -чик: гонщик, пайщик, датчик.

Apart from these there are some more productive and unproductive agent suffixes in both languages. Cf. in English-yer: lawyer; -eer: auctioneer, -ard/-art: sluggard; -ster: youngster; in Ukrainians -тай/-тяй: шахрай, гультяй; -аль: коваль, -ень: в'язень,, учень; -ух: пастух; -ар/-яр: лікар, -ак/-а: забіяка, ; -ун: бігун; -ак/-як: пияк.

Completely missing in English but available in Ukrainian are augmentative suffixes, eg: -ил-: вітрило; -ищ-: вітрище; -ук-/-юк-: каменюка, -уг-/-юг-: злодюга; -ур-/-юр-: ціпура; -ан, -ань: здоровань; -ер- бабера; -яр- мисяра; -яг-/ -як-: чолов'яга.

Diminutive suffixes of nouns, are 53 in Ukrainian and only 14 or 16 in English nouns. Cf. -y (-ie, -ye), -ling (-ing, -ock, -let, -et, -ette, -ee, -een, -erel/-rel, -kin, -ule, -cole, -el/-le, some four of these being productive as in the nouns daddy, grannie; booklet. Diminutive nouns are much more numerous in Ukrainian: -оньк-: дівонька; -очок: садочок; -унь: братунь; -к-: лапка, очк-: різочка; -еньк: рученька, etc.

Isomorphic in both languages are also other groups of suffixes, the main of which being as follows:

1. International suffixes which also form nouns denoting doctrine, action, act or fact of doing, manner of action, state, condition, etc. For example: -ism: realism, hypnotism, barbarism; in Ukrainian: -ізм/изм: дарвінізм, реалізм, гіпнотизм, деспотиз.

2) Suffixes forming nouns designating abstract notions of state, act, art, skill, quality, condition, etc. Cf. -dom: freedom, serfdom; -hood: brotherhood, falsehood, Or in Ukrainian: -ність: вільність, рівність; -ство: братство, рабство;

An exception makes one suffix which is pertained only to English and denoting the recipient of action, namely the suffix -ee (examinee, employee, refugee).

English and Ukrainian derivative nouns when in their extended form have the same structure: prefix + root + suffix + inflexion (if any).

The only morphological category of the noun which is almost always marked in present-day English is that of number. Like in Ukrainian, it is mostly realised synthetically, and marked inflexions respectively. Eg: child — children, ox — oxen, and correspondingly bushes, watches, countries, heroes. An irregularity can be observed in the position of the English inflexion -s in various compounds, eg: take-off = take-offs, forget-me-not = forget-me-nots, merry-go-round = merry-go-rounds, passer-by = passers-by.

Completely allomorphic, pertained only to the English language is the formation of plural number by way of sound interchange (ablaut) as in the following seven English nouns: foot — feet, tooth — teeth, goose — geese; man — men, woman — women; louse — lice, mouse — mice.