2. Методи дослідження порівняльної типології.

-the comparative method aims at establishing the isomorphic(alongside of allomorphic) features and on their basis the determining of structural types of languages under contrastive investigation;

-the deductive method is based on logical calculation which suggests all the possible variants of realization of a certain feature/phenomenon in speech of one or more contrasted languages;

-the inductive method which needs novarification, since the investigated feature was proved by linguists and therefore the results obtained are possible;

-the statistic method for establishing the necessary quantitative and qualitative representation of some features or for identifying the percentage of co-ocurrence of some features or linguistic units in the contrasted languages;

-the IC (immediate constituents) method is employed to contrast only linguistic units for investigating their constituent parts in one or some contrasted languages;

-transformational method for identifying the nature of a linguistic unit in the source language or for determining the difference in the form of expression in the contrasted languages.

3. Історія досліджень з порівняльної типології.

History of typ investigations 19-20 cent.

19. Frederic Schlegel: affixal and inflexional languages.

August Schlegel: added another type – without gram structure (Chinese)

W. von Humbloldt: 4 types of languages (isolating, agglutinative, flexional, incorporating). Ethnic psychology.

Franz Bopp: monosyllabic languages, lang with root+root or root+affix, disyllabic root words structure.

August Schleicher: biological approach.

Heimann Steintal: syntactic connections.

Franz Mistely: criterion for classification- position of the word in the sentence.

F-N Fink: correlation btw unbreakable and breakable word structure.

20. Edward Sapire. Language as a system. New classification: degree of cohesion btw root and affix (isolating, agglutinative, fusional, symbolic), degree of synthesis (analytical, synthetic, polysynthetic)

Joseph Greenberg: quantitative typology

Prague school: charactereological typology. Investigates concrete languages, their essential features are compared t o show their singularity.

4. Порівняльна характеристика вокалістичної системи англійської та української мов.

There is a set of isom. and allom.features in the contrasted lang-s. Allom.fs are traced in the difference of vowel quantity To isom. ones belong familiar monophthongs and factors that predetermined their systemic organization.. E and U are contrasted on the basis of common principles or factors: 1) stability of articulation There are 6 vowels (monophthongs) in U /а, о, у, и, і, е/and 20 vowels in E (12 of them are monophthongs /I, i: e, ǝ, ʌ, a:, u, u:, æ, o, o:, ɜ:/, two of them are diphthongoids /i:/, /u:/ and 8 diphthongs). Here such group oppositions as mon-s ::diphth-s, diph-s :: diphths.

2) tongue position : to allom.fs.belong: absence of central, back advanced and front retracted Vs (acc.to the horizontal movement of the tongue) and no differentiation between narrow and broad Vs acc.to the vertical movem-t. English /e/ is mid, narrow, U-n /e/ is open, low, front, E /o/ is low, U is mid. Acc.to the horizontal movement in U there are such oppositions as front::back, in E front::front retracted, central::back::back-advanced. 3) lip position. U /у/, \о\ and E /o, o:, u, u:/ are labialized, though, acc.to the research of pr.Wells /y(ȕ)/ and /u/ have lost their labialization.4) vowel length. It isn`t distinct in U. In E there exists an opposition between long and short monophth-s. 5) Nazalization is traced in E: /m, n, ŋ/. In U acc.to Sokolova there are only slightly nasialised sounds as in пані, гнані, тонна. 6) distribution of V: if a stressed vowel is is followed by a strong voiceless C, this vowel is checked. If a vowel is followed by a weak voiceless C it is free. In E long Vs appear in open syllables, and /ǝ/ in an unstressed position.

Phonological opposition is the distinction of at least two elements having a common feature and a differentiating one. Within the systems of vowels there are such allom. opp-ns: tense and lax vowels (acc.to the degree of muscular tension of articulatory organs), abrupted-non-abrupted Vs(acc.to the force of artic-n at the end of the V), long-short Vs(are opp-ed only in E); opp-ns acc.to the stability of artic-n: mon-s ::diphth – bid-beard /i-iǝ/; diph-s :: diphth – bay-boy. Group opp-s acc.to the horizontal movement of the tongue (classes are opp-ed, such opp-s are of isom.nature in both lang-s): front-back: [i:-u:] beat-boot [as-a:] cat-cart, [i-y] 6iK-6yK [i-a] zpiM-zpaM [i-o] cim-com [h-v] Mup-jviyp [h-o] cuh-coh [n-a] jiUHb-naHb. front-retracted-back-advanced: [i-v] kick-cook; front-central[e-3:] bed-bird, central-back[a-o:] tuck-talk, back[a:-o] heart-hot. Group opp acc to the vertical mov of the tongue at the same posotions heights close/high[i:-i] feel-fill [u:-u] pool-pull mid[3:-a] for eward-forward open/low[o:-o] port-pot. In U There are no such oppositions. Group opp.acc to the vertical mov of the tongue at diffr.position heights: close narrow- open broad: seed-sad, close narrow – mid narrow neat-net. In U close-open: /i-e/лід -ледь , /y-a/тук-так, etc