25. Порівняльна характеристика однорідних членів речення в англійській та українській

мовах.

In Uk. And in Eng. Homogeneous parts are of identical functions, structure and nomenclature. In the sentence homogeneous may be:

• Co-ordinate Subjects (extended/unextended)

Example: The captain, George and I slowly turned our heads.

Капітан, Джордж та я повільно повернули голови.

• Co-ordinate homogeneous Predicates (simple/extended/unextended)

Ex. He lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went away.

Він прикурив, сказав надобраніч, і пішов геть.

Isomorphic in both languages are homogeneous compound verbal and compound nominal predicates

EX: The dead fingers could neither touch nor clutch.

Замерзлі пальці не могли ні відчути, ні взяти (сірника).

One evening she came home low-spirited and very tired.

Одного вечора вона прийшла додому у поганому настрої та дуже втомлена.

• Homogeneous co-ordinate objects (extended/unextended/prepositional)

Ex: His parents used to present him books, notebooks and small souvenirs.

Його батьки зазвичай дарували йому книжки, записники та невеличкі сувеніри.

Allomorphic feature of English – homogeneous objects expressed by gerunds (In Uk they are translated with the help of nouns and infinitives)

Ex: I simply love riding. Я просто обожнюю їздити верхи.

• Co-ordinate homogeneous Attributes

In both languages the functioning of homogeneous attributive adjuncts manifests itself n the distribution (preposed/postposed) and in structural forms (extended/unextended/prepositional).

Allomorphism – in their connection with the head components – in Uk – mainly synthetic or analytical and synthetic; in Eng. – analytical

Ex: He seems a very silent, awkward, bashful lad. Він виглядає мовчазним, незграбним, соромливим хлопцем.

• Homogeneous co-ordinate Adverbial Modifiers

Isomorphism – in their functions and are often identical n the grammatical means and ways of their expression. The most frequently occurring are:

• time and frequency ex: We shall try it tomorrow – Ми спробуємо це завтра

• place and direction ex: Tom had spies everywhere – У Тома скрізь були шпигуни.

• Manner or attendant circumstances ex: He so obviously adored his wife – Він так явно обожнював свою дружину

• purpose ex: Ham sometimes walked with us to show us the boats and ships. – Хем інколи йшов з нами, для того щоб показати нам човни та кораблі.

• result ex: She is too fond of the child to leave it – Вона занадто любить дитину, щоб залишити її.

26. Порівняльна характеристика простих речень в англійській та українській мовах.

2 types of the simple sentence in Uk and Eng:

- one-member (more numerous in Uk)

- two-member (in Eng. are represented by a larger variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in Uk.)

One-member sentences. Common types:

• nominal sentences – isomorphic in the structural form (extended/expanded), allomorphic in the grammatical means of connection of the same component parts (in Eng. – by analytical means, in Uk. – synthetic or analytico-synthetic means) Models:

- N model ex: The same. A wood. Ліс. Сенсація.

- NN/NNN model ex: Mr. Ralph. Lady Sneerwell’s bedroom. Містер Ральф. Спальня леді Снірвел.

- АN model (may often convey injunctive, requestive and other pragmatic meanings) ex: Silence! The welcome rain! Тиша! Давно очікуваний дощ!

- N/AN co-cjN/AN model ex: Freedom and power! Свобода і влада!

- with prepositional connection of componental parts – allomorphism: there are no Uk equivalent grammaticalized prepositions of, to, by, with; no inflexions in Eng. nouns.

Ex: N/IprepN/Q half past eleven. Confidence for confidence. Пів на дванадцяту. Довіря за довіря.

• Imperative sentences (V or VP structure) ex: Keep aside! Open the door! Не підходь! Відчиніть двері!

• Exclamatory (may structurally coincide with nominal and infinitival) ex: How funny! Як гарно!

• Infinitival (extended/unextended) ex: To be or not to be? Бути чи не бути?

Only in Uk:

• The definite personal sentences - Любіть Україну всім серцем своїм....

• The indefinite personal - Дзвонять в усі дзвони! Не за те вовка б'ють, що сірий, а за те, що овечку вкрав.

• Generalized personal – Поживемо – побачимо!

• Impersonal – Світає. Край неба палає.

Two-member sentence. In Eng. only:

• Impersonal sentences with IT – It rains. It is snowing

• Indefinite personal with one, they, you – They say.

• With It or There – There is nothing to say.

• With the implicit agent and passive predicate verb followed by a preposition – He was sent for.

• With secondary predication – I thought him to be a teacher. (Such sentences in Uk. have either simple or complex definite personal sentences for their semantic equivalents – Я думав, що він учитиель)

• With gerundial complexes used as predicative constructions – You can rely on her coming in time.

Two-member sentences of the common structural form in both languages:

• With subject expressed by a notional word and predicate – by a verb – Breakfast was not yet over… Ідуть дощі.

• With simple nominal predicate expressed by a noun/an adj./a numeral/an infinitive/a participle/a phrase. – Poor little thing! Нас троє. Гарні манеи і все інше.