Лексические основы чтения спец текста

I. Information for study

Macroeconomics. The Overall Picture. The Issues

but we can give our full attention to the whole picture. We are more likely to notice the horse sneaking up on the rails.

The Issues

7.We now introduce some of the main issues in macroeconomics.

8.Inflation. The annual inflation rate is the percentage increase per annum in the average price of goods and services. The Retail Price Index (RPI) is a weighted average of the prices households pay for goods and services. The percentage annual growth in the RPI is the most commonly used measure of inflation in the UK.

9.What causes inflation? The money supply? Trade Unions? Why do people mind so much about inflation? Does inflation cause unemployment? These are among the questions you must think over.

10.Unemployment. Unemployment is a measure of the number of people registered as looking for work but without a job. The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labour force that is unemployed. The labour force is the number of people working or looking for work. It excludes all those, from rich landowners to heroin addicts, who are neither working nor looking for work.

11.Unemployment is now high. Why has it increased so much recently? Is high unemployment necessary to keep inflation under control, or could the government create more jobs?

12.Output and Growth. Real Gross National Product (real GNP) measures the total income of the economy. It tells us the quantity of goods and services the economy as a whole can afford to purchase. It is closely related to the total output of the economy. Increases in real GNP are called “economic growth”.

13.What determines the level of real GNP? Does unemployment mean that real GNP is lower than it might be? Why do some countries grow faster than others?

14.Macroeconomic Policy. Almost every day the newspapers and television refer to the problems of inflation, unemployment, and slow growth. These issues are widely discussed; they help determine the outcome of elections, and make some people interested in learning more about macroeconomics.

15.The government has a variety of policy measures through which it can try to affect the performance of the economy as a whole. It levies taxes, commissions spending, influences the money supply, interest rates, and the exchange rate, and it sets targets for the output and prices of nationalized industries.

II. Exercises

1.Переведите текст A на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов.

2.Найдите в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы и запишите их.

1)What does macroeconomics study?

2)What is the distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics?

3)What can you say about a model as a tool of economic analysis?

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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике

4)What does microeconomics place the emphasis on in the course of analysis?

5)What example is used in the text to show the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics?

6)What is macroeconomics primarily concerned with in the course of analysis?

7)What are the main issues in macroeconomics?

8)What do economists most commonly use to measure inflation?

9)What is unemployment and unemployment rate?

10)What is labour force?

11)Who is excluded from the labour force?

12)What does Real Gross National Product (GNP) measure?

13)How are increases in real GNP called?

14)What are the policy measures through which the government can try to affect the performance of the economy as a whole?

3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите слова, противопо- ложные по значению, из следующего списка слов:

demand, to increase, in the large, income, in detail, to pay attention

4. Образуйте существительные от данных глаголов при помощи суффиксов -ance, -ing, -ion, -th. Проверьте по тексту. Переведите их:

to perform, to spend, to determine, to magnify, to interact, to simplify, to grow, to build

5. Подчеркните в тексте A предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже.

1)Безработица – это показатель количества людей, которые ищут работу, но не име- ют ее.

2)Валовый национальный продукт определяется общим доходом хозяйства страны.

3)Индекс розничных цен – это средняя цена, которую покупатели платят за товары и услуги.

4)Мы могли бы изучать экономику всей страны, объединяя микроэкономический анализ отдельных рынков.

5)Макроэкономика изучает взаимодействие различных отраслей экономики.

6)Увеличениеваловогонационального продукта называетсяэкономическим ростом.

7)Люди, которые не работают и не ищут работу, не входят в состав рабочей силы.

8)Возрастание суммы денег в обращении вызывает рост инфляции.

6.Изложитекраткое содержаниетекста A на английском языкев письменной форме.

7.Прочтите список ключевых слов к тексту B.

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8.Прослушайте текст В на кассете 2-3 раза и постарайтесь понять его.

9.Дайте краткое изложение текста B на русском языке.

10.Прочтите утвержденияи выберитете, которыесоответствуют содержанию текста B1:

1)Macroeconomic concepts refer to the economy as a whole.

2)Microeconomic concepts are of more public interest than macroeconomic concepts.

3)Gross National Product is the value of all goods and services produced in the economy over a given period.

4)The prices of different goods should always move in line with one another.

5)The Aggregate Price Level tells us what is happening to prices on average.

6)When the price level is falling, we say that the economy is going through an inflation.

7)By the labour force we mean the people who are of working age.

III. Vocabulary to Text A

1 После выполнения задания проверьте ваши ответы: 1), 2), 4), 6).

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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике

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I. Information for study

Macroeconomics. The Overall Picture. The Issues

IV. Test

1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.

1)The rate of ... depends on the growth of prices of goods and a) spending

8)Some economists say that high ... is necessary to keep inflation under control.

9)Microeconomics is ... with detailed understanding of particular markets.

10)Many macroeconomic ... are often discussed in newspapers and on TV.

2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.

3. Выберитеизприведенногоспискатермины, соответствующиеданнымопределениям.

e)a measure of the number of people registered as looking 6. economic growth for work but without a job

f)a weighted average of the prices households pay for goods and services

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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике

Unit 6

I. Information for study

The Role of the Market

Text A

Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.

1.Markets bring together buyers and sellers of goods and services. In some cases, such as a local fruit stall, buyers and sellers meet physically. In other cases, such as the stock market, business can be transacted over the telephone, almost by remote control. We need not go into these details. Instead, we use a general definition of markets.

2.A market is a shorthand expression for the process by which households’ decisions about consumption of alternative goods, firms’ decisions about what and how to produce, and workers’ decisions about how much and for whom to work are all reconciled by adjustment of prices.

3.Prices of goods and of resources, such as labour, machinery and land, adjust to ensure that scarce resources are used to produce those goods and services that society demands.

4.Much of economics is devoted to the study of how markets and prices enable society to solve the problems of what, how, and for whom to produce. Suppose you buy a hamburger for your lunch. What does this have to do with markets and prices? You chose the café because it was fast, convenient and cheap. Given your desire to eat, and your limited resources, the low hamburger price told you that this was a good way to satisfy your appetite. You probably prefer steak but that is more expensive. The price of steak is high enough to ensure that society answers the ‘for whom’ question about lunchtime steaks in favour of someone else.

5.Now think about the seller’s viewpoint. The café owner is in the business because, given the price of hamburger meat, the rent and the wages that must be paid, it is still possible to sell hamburgers at a profit. If rents were higher, it might be more profitable to sell hamburgers in a cheaper area or to switch to luxury lunches for rich executives on expense accounts. The student behind the counter is working there because it is a suitable part-time job which pays a bit of money. If the wage were much lower it would hardly be worth working at all. Conversely, the job is unskilled and there are plenty of students looking for such work, so owners of cafés do not have to offer very high wages.

6.Prices are guiding your decision to buy a hamburger, the owner’s decision to sell hamburgers, and the student’s decision to take the job. Society is allocating resources – meat, buildings, and labour – into hamburger production through the price system. If nobody liked hamburgers, the owner could not sell enough at a price that covered the cost of running the café and society would devote no resources to hamburger production. People’s desire to eat hamburgers guides resources into hamburger production. However, if cattle contracted a disease, thereby reducing the economy’s ability to produce meat products, competition to purchase more scarce supplies of beef would bid up the price of beef, hamburger producers would be forced to raise prices, and consumers would buy more cheese sandwiches for lunch. Adjust-

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I. Information for study

The Role of the Market

ments in prices would encourage society to reallocate resources to reflect the increased scarcity of cattle.

7. There were several markets involved in your purchase of a hamburger. You and the café owner were part of the market for lunches. The student behind the counter was part of the local labour market. The café owner was part of the local wholesale meat market and the local market for rented buildings. These descriptions of markets are not very precise. Were you part of the market for lunches, the market for prepared food, or the market for sandwiches to which you would have turned if hamburgers had been more expensive? That is why we have adopted a very general definition of markets which emphasizes that they are arrangements through which prices influence the allocation of scarce resources.

II. Exercises

1.Переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов.

2.Найдите в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы и запишите их.

1)What is the role of markets?

2)Give a general definition of markets.

3)How do prices influence the use of scarce resources?

4)What is much of economics devoted to?

5)By what means does the society allocate resources into the production of certain goods?

6)What markets are involved in the process of buying and selling a hamburger?

3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите близкие по значению слова из следующего списка:

salary, limited resources, to buy, to distribute, to decide, benefit, to make, to raise (prices), work

4. Подчеркните в тексте предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже.

1)Рынки объединяют покупателей и продавцов.

2)Иногда сделки заключаются по телефону.

3)Экономисты исследуют, каким образом рынки и цены помогают обществу решать проблемы, что, как и для кого производить.

4)Цены определяют ваше решение купить товар и решение продавца его продать.

5)Рынок – это механизм, посредством которого цены влияют на распределение ог- раниченных ресурсов.

6)Общество направляет ресурсы на производство товаров посредством системы цен.

7)Хозяин кафе ведет дело, потому что при данных ценах на мясо, арендной плате и зарплате рабочих можно получать прибыль от продажи гамбургеров.

5. Изложите краткое содержание текста А в письменной форме на английском языке.

III. Vocabulary to Text A

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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике

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I. Information for study

The Role of the Market

IV. Test

1.Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.

1)Markets are arrangements through which ... influence how we allo- a) interact

2)At one extreme we have the ... economy which doesn’t allow individ- c) part-time

5)The government controls a share of the ... through taxation, transfer g) command

6)In a mixed economy, the government and the private sector ... in solv- i) reduce

7)Prices of goods and of resources adjust to ensure that scarce resources k) governments

8)If rents were higher it might be more ... to sell hamburgers in a cheaper area.

9)Adjustment in prices would encourage society to ... resources to reflect the increased scarcity of cattle.

10)The student is working there because it is a suitable ... job.

2.Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом:

3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным опреде- лениям.

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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике

Unit 7

I. Information for study

Demand and Supply

Text A

Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.

Demand is the quantity of a good buyers wish to purchase at each conceivable price. Thus demand is not a particular quantity, such as six bars of chocolate, but rather a full

description of the quantity of chocolate the buyer would purchase at each and every price which might be charged. The first column of Table 2 shows a range of prices for bars of chocolate. The second column shows the quantities that might be demanded at these prices. Even when chocolate is free, only a finite amount will be wanted. People get sick from eating too much chocolate. As the price of chocolate rises, the quantity demanded falls, other things equal. We have assumed that nobody will buy any chocolate when the price is more than £0.40 per bar. Taken together, columns (1) and (2) describe the demand for chocolate as a function of its price (Table 2).

Supply is the quantity of a good sellers wish to sell at each conceivable price.

Again, supply is not a particular quantity but a complete description of the quantity that sellers would like to sell at each and every possible price. The third column of Table 2 shows how much chocolate sellers wish to sell at each price. Chocolate cannot be produced for nothing. Nobody would wish to supply if they receive a zero price. In our example, it takes a price of at least £0.20 per bar before there is any incentive to supply chocolate. At higher prices it becomes increasingly lucrative to supply chocolate bars and there is a corresponding increase in the quantity of bars that would be supplied. Taken together, columns (1) and (3) describe the supply of chocolate bars as a function of their price.

Table 2

The demand for and supply of chocolate

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