Лексические основы чтения спец текста
.pdf
I. Information for study
Planned Economies
III. Vocabulary to Text A
amount |
-- |
количество |
assumption |
-- |
допущение, предположение |
benefit |
-- |
пособие |
sickness benefit |
-- |
пособие по болезни |
unemployment benefit |
-- |
пособие по безработице |
to calculate |
-- |
подсчитывать |
to carry out |
-- |
выполнять |
to describe |
-- |
описывать |
to distribute |
-- |
распределять |
distribution |
-- |
распределение |
to ensure |
-- |
обеспечить, гарантировать |
equal |
-- |
равный |
fair |
-- |
честный, справедливый |
fertiliser |
-- |
удобрение |
free |
-- |
бесплатный |
health care |
-- |
здравоохранение |
in favour (of) |
-- |
в пользу |
to include |
-- |
включать |
input |
-- |
ввод |
inputs |
-- |
затраты на производство |
means of production |
-- |
средства производства |
mix (of goods) |
-- |
ассортимент (товаров) |
to mix |
-- |
смешивать |
mixed economy |
-- |
смешанная экономика |
outlet |
-- |
торговая точка, магазин |
output |
-- |
выход, выпуск продукции |
point of sale |
-- |
магазин |
to permit |
-- |
позволять |
public goods |
-- |
товары общественного пользования |
public sector of economy |
-- |
государственный сектор экономики |
private sector of economy |
-- |
частный сектор экономики |
production factors |
-- |
факторы производства |
property |
-- |
собственность |
regarding |
-- |
относительно |
response |
-- |
ответ |
responsible |
-- |
ответственный |
the rest |
-- |
остальные |
restriction |
-- |
ограничение |
to set prices |
-- |
устанавливать цены |
significant |
-- |
значительный |
social provision |
-- |
социальное обеспечение |
to spend |
-- |
тратить |
standard of living |
-- |
уровень жизни |
to supply |
-- |
обеспечивать |
target |
-- |
цель, мишень |
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
tax |
-- |
налог |
income tax |
-- |
подоходный налог |
variety |
-- |
разнообразие |
various |
-- |
различный |
vital |
-- |
жизненно важный |
welfare |
-- |
благосостояние, благотворительность |
wealthy |
-- |
богатый |
IV. Test
1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.
1) |
Government has a … role in a planned economy. |
a) |
earn |
2) |
Individuals are not permitted to … property, land and other means |
b) |
fair |
|
of production. |
c) |
income |
3) |
They decide the type and … of goods and services to be produced. |
d) |
mix |
4) |
A table helps planners calculate the resources needed to meet the |
e) |
own |
|
various output… . |
f) |
private |
5) |
People purchase goods and services with money they … . |
g) |
public |
6) |
In the … sector production decisions are made by firms. |
h) |
supply |
7) |
In the public sector, public goods and merit goods are provided |
i) |
targets |
|
free and are paid for by … . |
j) |
taxes |
8) |
Taxes will be lower and the distribution of wealth and … less |
k) |
variety |
|
equal. |
l) |
vital |
9)One of the roles of the government is to ensure that there is … competition in the private sector.
10)Businesses are set up by individuals to supply a wide … of goods and services.
2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.
1) to make |
a) decision |
2) to meet |
b) targets |
b) discussion |
a) taxes |
c) trials |
|
|
c) consumption |
|
|
3) to set up |
a) property |
|
a) input |
b) benefit |
4) to spend |
b) income |
|
|
c) business |
|
c) insurance |
5) to plan |
a) production |
|
a) aims |
b) precision |
6) to purchase |
b) options |
|
|
c) permission |
|
c) goods |
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I. Information for study
Planned Economies
3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным опреде- лениям.
1)minimum of material comfort with which a person or class may reasonably be content
2)allowance, to which a person is entitled
3)to obtain as reward of labour
4)contribution levied on persons, property or business for support of government
5)toil tending to supply wants of community
6)periodical receipts from one's business, lands, work, investments
7)a country having national health service, national insurance and other social services.
a)benefit
b)to earn
c)income
d)labour
e)standard of living
f)tax
g)welfare state
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
Unit 4
I. Information for study
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Text A
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
1. Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the subject. For example, there are labour economists, energy economists, monetary economists, and international economists. What distinguishes these economists is the segment of economic life in which they are interested. Labour economics deals with problems of labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and society as a whole. Urban economics deals with city problems: land use, transport, congestion, and housing. However, we need not classify branches of economics according to the area of economic life in which we ask the standard questions «what», «how», and «for whom». We can also classify branches of economics according to the approach or methodology that is used. The very broad division of approaches into microeconomics and macroeconomics cuts across the large number of subject groupings cited above.
Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities.
For example, we might study why individual households prefer cars to bicycles and how producers decide whether to produce cars or bicycles. We can then aggregate the behaviour of all households and all firms to discuss total car purchases and total car production. Within a market economy we can discuss the market for cars. Comparing this with the market for bicycles, we may be able to explain the relative price of cars and bicycles and the relative output of these two goods. The sophisticated branch of microeconomics known as general equilibrium theory extends this approach to its logical conclusion. It studies simultaneously every market for every commodity. From this it is hoped that we can understand the complete pattern of consumption, production, and exchange in the whole economy at a point in time.
2. If you think this sounds very complicated you are correct. For many purposes, the analysis becomes so complicated that we tend to loose track of the phenomena in which we were interested. The interesting task for economics, a task that retains an element of art in economic science, is to devise judicious simplifications which keep the analysis manageable without distorting reality too much. It is here that microeconomists and macroeconomists proceed down different avenues. Microeconomists tend to offer a detailed treatment of one aspect of economic behaviour but ignore interactions with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis. A microeconomic analysis of miners’ wages would emphasize the characteristics of miners and the ability of mine owners to pay. It would largely neglect the
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I. Information for study
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
chain of indirect effects to which a rise in miners’ wages might give rise. For example, car workers might use the precedent of the miners’ pay increase to secure higher wages in the car industry, thus being able to afford larger houses which burned more coal in heating systems. When microeconomic analysis ignores such indirectly induced effects it is said to be partial analysis.
3. In some instances, indirect effects may not be too important and it will make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities. In other circumstances an alternative simplification must be found.
Macroeconomics studies the interactions in the economy as a whole. It deliberately simplifies the individual building blocks of the analysis in order to retain a manageable analysis of the complete interaction of the economy.
For example, macroeconomists typically do not worry about the breakdown of consumer goods into cars, bicycles, televisions, and calculators. They prefer to treat them all as a single bundle called ‘consumer goods’ because they are more interested in studying the interaction between households’ purchases of consumer goods and firms’ decisions about purchases of machinery and buildings.
II. Exercises
1.Переведите текст A на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов.
2.Найдите в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы и запишите их:
1)What distinguishes different kinds of economists?
2)What branches of economics can you enumerate and what do they deal with?
3)How can we classify branches of economics?
4)What analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities ?
5)What does general equilibrium theory study?
6)What do microeconomists tend to offer?
7)Why do microeconomists ignore interactions with the rest of the economy?
8)When is microeconomic analysis called partial analysis?
9)When does it make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities?
10)What does macroeconomics emphasize?
3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите слова, близкие по значению, из следующего списка:
to advance, field, to invent, to concern, method, to propose, investigation, goods, manufacturers, to sum up, separate, sophisticated, to keep, to neglect
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
4. Подчеркните в тексте A предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже.
1)Макроэкономика изучает взаимодействия в экономике в целом.
2)Экономика труда занимается проблемами рынка с точки зрения фирм, рабочих, общества.
3)Общаятеорияравновесияизучаетодновременнокаждыйрынокдлякаждоготовара.
4)Макроэкономика рассматривает все товары как единое целое под названием “по- требительские товары”.
5)Микроэкономический анализ подробно изучает индивидуальные решения о при- обретении отдельных товаров.
6)Мы можем классифицировать экономистов в соответствии с той отраслью эконо- мики, которой они занимаются.
7)Микроэкономика подробно рассматривает какой-либо один аспект экономическо- го развития, но игнорирует взаимодействия с остальными областями экономики, чтобы сохранить простоту анализа.
8)Макроэкономика намеренно упрощает отдельные строительные блоки анализа, чтобы можно было анализировать взаимодействия в экономике.
5. Изложите краткое содержание текста A на английском языке в письменной форме, используя следующие слова:
this text considers.., deals with.., concerns..., discusses….
6. Выскажите свое мнение по содержанию текста А, используя следующие выраже-
ния: “I believe”, “I think”, “My opinion is that…”.
III. Vocabulary to Text A
according (to) |
-- |
в соответствии (с) |
to aggregate |
-- |
суммировать |
approach |
-- |
подход, метод |
area |
-- |
область |
behaviour |
-- |
поведение, развитие |
to believe |
-- |
полагать |
branch |
-- |
отрасль |
breakdown |
-- |
распад |
bundle |
-- |
пучок |
chain |
-- |
цепь |
circumstance |
-- |
обстоятельство |
to cite |
-- |
цитировать |
commodity |
-- |
товар |
to compare |
-- |
сравнивать |
complicated |
-- |
сложный |
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I. Information for study |
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Microeconomics and Macroeconomics |
to concern |
-- |
касаться |
congestion |
-- |
перенаселение |
conclusion |
-- |
заключение |
consumer goods |
-- |
потребительские товары |
to cut across |
-- |
проходить через |
to deal (with) |
-- |
заниматься, иметь дело |
deliberately |
-- |
преднамеренно |
to devise |
-- |
придумать |
to distinguish |
-- |
различать |
to distort |
-- |
искажать |
division |
-- |
разделение |
effect |
-- |
следствие |
effort |
-- |
усилие |
exchange |
-- |
обмен |
to extend |
-- |
доводить, расширять |
general equilibrium theory |
-- |
общая теория равновесия |
to give rise |
-- |
1. дать толчок; 2. вызвать |
heating system |
-- |
система отопления |
housing |
-- |
жилищное строительство |
to increase |
-- |
увеличивать |
indirect |
-- |
косвенный, побочный |
individual |
-- |
отдельный |
to induce |
-- |
вызывать |
instance |
-- |
пример |
interaction |
-- |
взаимодействие |
to interact |
-- |
взаимодействовать |
judicious |
-- |
закономерный |
to keep |
-- |
1. поддерживать; 2. сохранять |
to loose track |
-- |
потерять нить |
to make sense |
-- |
иметь смысл |
manageable |
-- |
выполнимый |
mine |
-- |
шахта |
to neglect |
-- |
пренебрегать |
owner |
-- |
владелец |
partial |
-- |
частичный |
particular |
-- |
определенный, конкретный |
pattern |
-- |
модель |
to pay |
-- |
платить |
to preserve |
-- |
сохранить |
to proceed |
-- |
отправляться |
producer |
-- |
производитель |
relative |
-- |
относительный |
to retain |
-- |
сохранять |
to secure |
-- |
обеспечить |
to simplify |
-- |
упрощать |
simplicity |
-- |
простота |
simplification |
-- |
упрощение |
sophisticated |
-- |
усложненный |
subject grouping |
-- |
предметная группировка |
to treat |
-- |
рассматривать |
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
treatment |
-- |
исследование |
urban |
-- |
городской |
to view |
-- |
рассматривать |
as a whole |
-- |
в целом |
IV. Test
|
1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях. |
|
1) |
Urban economics ... city problems. |
a) market |
2) |
We can classify ... of economics according to the methodol- b)households |
|
|
ogy that is used. |
c) commodity |
3) |
Within a market economy we can discuss the … for cars. |
d) effects |
4) |
Macroeconomics … the individual building blocks of the e) branches |
|
|
analysis. |
f) deals with |
5) |
We can study why … prefer car to bicycles. |
g)interactions |
6) |
General equilibrium theory studies simultaneously every |
h)consumer |
|
market for every ... . |
i) purchase |
7) |
When microeconomic analysis ignores indirectly induced ... j) macroeconomics |
|
|
it is said to be partial analysis. |
k) microeconomics |
8)Microeconomics ignores ... with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis.
9)Macroeconomists do not worry about the breakdown of ...
goods into cars, bicycles, televisions and calculators.
10)... treats the interaction in the economy as a whole.
2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.
1) to distort |
a) the effort |
2) to loose |
a) congestion |
|
b) the meaning |
|
b) circumstance |
|
c) the exchange |
|
c) track |
|
|
|
|
3) to pay |
a) wages |
4) to devise |
a) housing |
|
b) jobs |
|
b) simplifications |
|
c) goods |
|
c) divisions |
5)to consume a) chains
b)branches
c)goods
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I. Information for study
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
3. Выберитеизприведенногоспискатермины, соответствующиеданнымопределениям.
a) economics which deals with problems of the labour market |
1. urban economics |
b) economics which deals with city problems |
2. commodities |
c) a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular |
3. consumer goods |
commodities |
4. labour economics |
d) things that meet needs or are wanted or can be traded |
5. macroeconomics |
e) a study of the interactions in the economy as a whole |
6. microeconomics |
f) goods bought by households (not by firms) |
|
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
Unit 5
I. Information for study
Macroeconomics:
The Overall Picture. The Issues
Text A
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
1. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Macroeconomics is concerned not with the details – the price of cigarettes relative to the price of bread, or the output of cars relative to the output of steel − but with the overall picture. We shall study issues such as the determination of total output of the economy, the aggregate level of unemployment, and the rate of inflation or growth of prices of goods and services as a whole.
2.The distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics is more than difference between economics in the small and economics in the large, which the Greek prefixes micro- and macrosuggest. The purpose of the analysis is also different.
3.A model is a deliberate simplification to enable us to pick out the key elements of a problem and think about them clearly. Although we could study the whole economy by piecing together our microeconomic analysis of each and every market, the resulting model would be so cumbersome that it would be hard to keep track of all the economic forces at work. Microeconomics and macroeconomics take different approaches to keep the analysis manageable.
4.Microeconomics places the emphasis on a detailed understanding of particular markets. To achieve this amount of detail or magnification, many of the interactions with other markets are suppressed. In saying that a tax on cars reduces the equilibrium quantity of cars we ignore the question of what the government does with the tax revenue. If the government has to borrow less money, it is possible that interest rates and exchange rate will fall and that improved international competitiveness of UK car producers will actually increase the equilibrium output of cars in the UK.
5.Microeconomics is a bit like looking at a horse race through a pair of binoculars. It is great for details, but sometimes we get a clearer picture of the whole race by using the naked eye. Because macroeconomics is concerned primarily with the interaction of different parts of the economy, it relies on a deliberate simplification to keep the analysis manageable. Macroeconomics simplifies the building blocks in order to focus on how they fit together and influence one another.
6.Macroeconomics is concerned with broad aggregates such as the total demand for goods by households or the total spending on machinery and buildings by firms. As in watching the horse race through the naked eye, our notion of the individual details is more blurred
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