14. Управление временем

The best way in time management is to record how to use time . The usual method is to log all the tasks which you should to perform during the day.

One way of logging time is to note down all the activities and indicate how long they took. Thanks of it we can analyse the time log. This will help to re-think and re-plan work schedule. As a result of this analysis we can get rid of unproductive, time-wasting activities. In short, we should be more discriminating in using time.

For managers it can be effective to delegate some activities to subordinates, thus he will have more time to carry out the more important activities.

Also another effective method in time management is setting the deadlines. It would help to control ourselves and not just hanging out.

15. Централизация и децентрализация

The terms centralization and decentralization refer to the degree of authority that is given to various levels of management and to the divisions of an organization.

When an organization is centralized, a limited amount of authority is given to staff and divisions. To sum up, a centralized business has a «tight» structure? whereas a decentralized business has a «looser» structure.

Nowadays decentralization is the fashion. Advantages of it is that it helps to develop people because stuff get more responsibility, make more decisions, and so gain experience for later managerial positions. If an organization is too centralized, people become robots – which is demotivated.

Decentralization allows top managers to delegate jobs, so these managers will have more time to work on setting goals, planning corporate strategy and working out politics. The strongest argument for decentralization is that, in competitive conditions, the «loser» companies will be more flexible, better able to make quick decisions and to adapt to change.

But no enterprise chooses complete centralization or decentralization. In practice, it tries to find a balance between the two forms.