- •1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
- •2. BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
- •2.1 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS AND QUANTITIES
- •2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
- •3. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
- •3.1 KIRCHOFF’S LAWS
- •3.1.1 Simple Applications of Kirchoff’s Laws
- •3.1.1.1 - Parallel Resistors
- •3.1.1.2 - Series Resistors
- •3.1.2 Node Voltage Methods
- •3.1.3 Current Mesh Methods
- •3.1.4 More Advanced Applications
- •3.1.4.1 - Voltage Dividers
- •3.1.4.2 - The Wheatstone Bridge
- •3.1.4.3 - Tee-To-Pi (Y to Delta) Conversion
- •3.2 THEVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENTS
- •3.2.1 Superposition
- •3.2.2 Maximum Power Transfer
- •3.3 CIRCUITS CONTAINING CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS
- •4. PASSIVE DEVICES
- •4.1 TRANSFORMERS
- •5. ACTIVE DEVICES
- •5.1 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
- •5.1.1 General Details
- •5.1.2 Simple Applications
- •5.1.2.1 - Inverting Amplifier
- •5.1.2.2 - Non-Inverting Amplifier
- •5.1.2.3 - Integrator
- •5.1.2.4 - Differentiator
- •5.1.2.5 - Weighted Sums
- •5.1.2.6 - Difference Amplifier (Subtraction)
- •5.1.2.7 - Op-Amp Voltage Follower
- •5.1.2.8 - Bridge Balancer
- •5.1.2.9 - Low Pass Filter
- •5.1.3 Op-Amp Equivalent Circuits
- •5.1.3.1 - Frequency Response
- •5.2 TRANSISTORS
- •5.2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
- •5.2.1.1 - Biasing Common Emitter Transistors
- •6. AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
- •6.1 PHASORS
- •6.1.1 RMS Values
- •6.1.2 LR Circuits
- •6.1.3 RC Circuits
- •6.1.4 LRC Circuits
- •6.1.5 LC Circuits
- •6.2 AC POWER
- •6.2.1 Complex Power
- •6.2.1.1 - Real Power
- •6.2.1.2 - Average Power
- •6.2.1.3 - Reactive Power
- •6.2.1.4 - Apparent Power
- •6.2.1.5 - Complex Power
- •6.2.1.6 - Power Factor
- •6.2.1.7 - Average Power Calculation
- •6.2.1.8 - Maximum Power Transfer
- •6.3 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
- •7. TWO PORT NETWORKS
- •7.1 PARAMETER VALUES
- •7.1.1 z-Parameters (impedance)
- •7.1.2 y-Parameters (admittance)
- •7.1.3 a-Parameters (transmission)
- •7.1.4 b-Parameters (transmission)
- •7.1.5 h-Parameters (hybrid)
- •7.1.6 g- Parameters (hybrid)
- •7.2 PROPERTIES
- •7.2.1 Reciprocal Networks
- •7.2.2 Symmetrical Networks
- •7.3 CONNECTING NETWORKS
- •7.3.1 Cascade
- •7.3.2 Series
- •7.3.3 Parallel
- •7.3.4 Series-Parallel
- •7.3.5 Parallel-Series
- •8. CAE TECHNIQUES FOR CIRCUITS
- •9. A CIRCUITS COOKBOOK
- •9.1 HOW TO USE A COOKBOOK
- •9.2 SAFETY
- •9.3 BASIC NOTES ABOUT CHIPS
- •9.4 CONVENTIONS
- •9.5 USEFUL COMPONENT INFORMATION
- •9.5.1 Resistors
- •9.5.2 Capacitors
- •9.6 FABRICATION
- •9.6.1 Shielding and Grounding
- •9.7 LOGIC
- •9.8 ANALOG SENSORS
page 79
7.1.3 a-Parameters (transmission)
7.1.4 b-Parameters (transmission)
7.1.5 h-Parameters (hybrid)
7.1.6 g- Parameters (hybrid)
7.2 PROPERTIES
•If one set of parameters is known, other parameters can be found using simple conversions. This can help when one set of parameters is needed, but cannot be measured directly.
•Simple cases of networks are reciprocal and symetrical. When a network is neither of these, then it typically has active components, dependant sources, etc.
7.2.1 Reciprocal Networks
•If a voltage is applied at one port, the short circuit current out the other port will be the same, regardless of which side the voltage is applied to.
•Reciprocal networks are only possible when passive elements are used.
•The parameters that indicate a reciprocal networks are,
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z12 |
= z21 |
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y12 |
= y21 |
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det |
a11 |
a12 |
= 1 |
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a21 |
a22 |
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det |
b11 |
b12 |
= 1 |
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b21 |
b22 |
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h12 |
= –h21 |
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g12 = –g21
•With any reciprocal network we only need to find 3 of the four parameters, the last can be determined mathematically.
7.2.2 Symmetrical Networks
•This is a special case of the reciprocal network where the input and output parameters are identical.
•In addition to the reciprocal constraints, we must also consider,
z11 = z22
y11 = y22
a11 = a22
b11 = b22
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det |
h11 |
h12 |
= |
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h21 |
h22 |
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det |
g11 |
g12 |
= |
1 |
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g21 |
g22 |
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