In all these sentences will retains its original meaning of volition. Can you make this shade of meaning explicit in your translations into Russian?

1. I’ll accept any job.

2. I’ll settle the bill on Friday.

3. OK. I’ll deliver the message.

4. Don’t worry, I’ll fix everything for you.

5. I won’t risk another trip there.

6. I won’t accept any excuses from now on.

7. We’ll keep your tickets for you until Wednesday.

8. We’ll fight and conquer cancer.

9. We will abolish the right of the hereditary peers to vote in the House of Lords.

10. The doctor will see you in a moment.

11. Your guide will explain the details of the itinerary.

12. He will continue his career in Spain or Italy.

13. Bob will post these letters for you.

14. They will do everything they possibly can to aid you.

15. I think I’ll have coffee.

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Discuss the difference between a) and b) in each pair of sentences.

1. a) We’re going to have fish for dinner.

b) All right, we’ll have fish for dinner.

2. a) I am going to catch the last train.

b) I’ll catch the last train with a little bit of luck.

3. a) I’m going to kill you.

b) I’ll kill you!

4. a) I’m going to light a candle.

b) Don’t worry, I’ll light the candle.

5. a) I’m going to empty the rubbish.

b) I’ll just empty the rubbish.

6. a) I’m going to mind the kids tomorrow.

b) I’ll mind the kids.

7. a) I’m going to fix it.

b) Leave it to me, I’ll fix it.

8. a) I’m going to make some sandwiches.

b) I’ll go ad make some sandwiches.

9. a) I’m going to contact him by phone.

b) I’ll contact him by phone then.

10. a) I’m going to pay the waiter.

b) I’ll pay the waiter.

• Modals and semi-modals

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Entitle A, B and C as Opinions, Rules, or The Way Things Are. Think of your own title for D.

A. …….

1. All road vehicles have to pass a special safety test.

2. All students have to take an oral exam.

3. Parties have to obtain police permission to hold any meetings.

4. One has to declare everything in one's tax return.

5. You have to have a passport to visit most foreign countries.

B. …….

1. In life you have to discover your strong points, recognize your weaknesses, decide what you want, aim for it and try not to regret things afterwards.

2. You have to lose a battle so that you can eventu­ally win the war.

3. You have to do some things for yourself in this world, you know!

4. You cannot make peace with dictators, you have to destroy them.

5. Playing chess is something you have to learn how to do.

C. …….

1. An only child never has to share his or her be­longings.

2. On average a girl has to get higher marks than a boy to secure a place.

3. During an epidemic farmers have to destroy en­tire herds of cattle.

4. Scientists have to employ a wide range of methods.

5. The players often have to run the length of the field.

D. …….

1. Say what you have to say in the morning.

2. Oh I see, yes, you have to wait a few minutes.

3. You have to drink lots of it — "lots and lots, no tiny tots", as they say.

4. You have to meet all her old contacts; you have to enter the life she had.

5. You have to hear all the pros and cons of this complex issue.

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Translate the sentences into English using HAVE TO.

1. Мне надо увидеться с тобой немедленно.

2. Я должна поблагодарить вас за откровенность.

3. Я обязан предупредить тебя.

4. Я вынужден отклонить ваше предложение.

5. Мне необходимо восстановить всю картину.

6. Я должен проинструктировать их.

7. Мне нужно найти другую квартиру.

8. Мне надо успеть на восьмичасовой поезд, значит, я должен выйти из дома без двадцати.

9. Сначала мне необходимо уладить одно дело.

10. Мне приходится всё делать самому.

11. Мы вынуждены пользоваться телефоном соседей.

12. Завтра я должен идти к стоматологу.

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Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. They have to earn a living somehow.

2. We have to reduce our costs.

3. They have to pay the bill by Thursday.

4. Ann has to wear glasses for reading.

5. The government has to make a further loan of £ 3.5 m.

6. He has to suffer the consequences.

7. You have to do your research on the premises; and you have to do it in office hours.

8. You have to lose a race now and again.

9. You have to make a choice between us.

10. I have to cross my fingers and hope.

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A. The modal verb missing in all the sentences performs one function. What function is this? What verb fits all these contexts?

1. What do you think I … do?

2. Who … I see about my problem?

3. I think you … see a specialist.

4. You … take the airport bus. It’s cheaper than a taxi.

5. I don’t think you … leave your bags here.

6. You … net leave your keys in the car.

7. Perhaps I … wear my glasses every time I feel like reading.

8. Maybe I … have a word with him.

9. You … really ring Aunt Mary.

10. You really … call the police.

B. All the modal verbs in the sentences can be substituted by one. What is it?

1. You ought to try a different approach.

2. I don’t think you ought to cash this cheque before the end of the month.

3. You’d better wear a warm scarf.

4. Hadn’t you better fetch a doctor?

5. It’s a brilliant film. You must see it.

6. You really mustn’t mind him!

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SHOULD does not always mean Advis­ability; sometimes it points to a Natural Course of Events. Translate the sen­tences in A and В into Russian. Which of them can and which cannot be translated with СЛЕДУЕТ for SHOULD?

A.

1. Someone should call an ambulance.

2. I think you should see a lawyer.

3. You should get a discount because you're buy­ing a council house.

4. In the afternoon they should have one more lecture.

5. They should contact the police.

6. Perhaps we should do a little bit of matchmaking.

7. This year we should receive a total revenue of Ј10 m

8. Maybe I should admit my mistake.

9. I should get a phone call later this morning.

10. The party should publicly declare its opposition to the plan.

B.

1. My room should be redecorated by now.

2. My letter should reach them in 2 days.

3. My watch should tell the time accurately.

4. These pills should kill the pain soon.

5. These things should never be revealed.

6. This tank should hold at least 6 gallons.

7. This colour should suit your complexion.

8. Size 16 should fit you perfectly.

9. The sauce should be stirred constantly.

10. Gas appliances should be serviced regularly.

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