Глобальна економ. СПАСЕНИЕ

ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɱɧɿ ɜɢɦɿɪɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ, ɚɟɪɨɤɨɫɦɿɱɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɤɚ.

ȼɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢ í ɡɚɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɿɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɚɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɝɭ, ɜɨɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ.

Ɂɚɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ, ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɿ ɿ ɩɨɤɭɩɰɿ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ: ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨɸ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɸ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ, ɭɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ, ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨ-ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦɢ, ɜɨɽɧɧɨɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɭɝɨɞɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ í ɰɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɮɿɪɦɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɦɿɠ ɮɿɥɿɹɦɢ, ɞɨɱɿɪɧɿɦɢ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɚɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ (ɌɇɄ, ɆɇɄ); ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɚɮɿɥɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ (ɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ) ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ; ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ “ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ”, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɨɜɝɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɛɚɪɬɟɪɧɿ ɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.

ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɭɩɰɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɿɜ. ɐɿɧɢ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɽ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɿ ɫɥɭɝɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ.

Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ ɽ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ: ɪɢɧɨɤ ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨʀ (ɜɿɥɶɧɨʀ) ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ; ɪɢɧɨɤ “ɱɢɫɬɨʀ” ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɿʀ; ɪɢɧɨɤ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ; ɨɥɿɝɨɩɨɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ.

ȼɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɲɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ

ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɹɤɿ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɿɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ (ɹɤ ɿ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ

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ɩɨɫɥɭɝ): 1) ɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬ/ɿɦɩɨɪɬ; 2) ɧɟɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬ/ɿɦɩɨɪɬ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɿɜ-ɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ, ɤɨɧɫɢɝɧɚɬɨɪɿɜ, ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɿɜ); 3) ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬ/ɿɦɩɨɪɬ; 4) ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ; 5) ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɚɭɤɰɿɨɧɢ, ɛɿɪɠɿ ɿɬɨɪɝɢ; 6) ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ (ɟ-ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ).

ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫ ɩɪɢɡɜɿɜ ɞɨ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɢɯ ɡɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɚ ɫɚ-

ɦɟ: ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɥɚɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ ɿ ɫɤɨɪɨɬɢɥɚɫɹ ɩɢɬɨɦɚ ɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɢ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɚɥɢɜɚ.

Ɂɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɢ ɜ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɣ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ: ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɫɬɿ; ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɱɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ; ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɨɛɪɨɛɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ.

ɍɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɧ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɚɥɢɜɧɨ-ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɪɿɡɤɨ ɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɚɥɢɜɨɦ í ɧɚɮɬɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ.

ɇɌɊ ɞɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɯ ɩɨɞɿɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ. ȼɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɿɞ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɠɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɨʀ, ɜɿɞ ɝɨɬɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ. Ɋɿɡɤɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɜɭɡɥɚɦɢ, ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ. ȼɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɣ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɸɬɶ 50-60 % ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ Ɂɚɯɨɞɭ. Ȼɿɥɶɲ ɧɿɠ 30 % ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɭ ɦɿɠ ɰɢɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɧɿ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ. ȼɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɭ ɿ ɞɟɞɚɥɿ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɿ ɰɿɥɨʀ ɧɢɡɤɢ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ, ɹɤ ȱɧɞɿɹ, Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɿɹ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ.

Ɉɬɠɟ, ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɹ ɞɟɞɚɥɿ ɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɚɥɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɭ ɥɚɧɤɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ.

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ɉɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɦ ɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɭ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɯ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ (ɧɚɩɿɜɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɢ, ȿɈɆ) ɀɐɉ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 3-5 ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ ɨɛɪɨɛɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɧ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ 8-9 ɪɨɤɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɨɰɿɧɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɦɭ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɪɿɱɱɿ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɛɭɥɨ ɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 80 % ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ. ɇɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɚɯ ɡ’ɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɡɞɟɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɧɚɭɤɨɽɦɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ, ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ (ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ, ɲɜɢɞɤɨɞɿɸɱɿ ȿɈɆ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ Ⱥȿɋ ɿ ɬ. ɞ.).

Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɹɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɝɥɨ-

ɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɳɨ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ.

Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɸɽ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɫɜɿɬɭ (Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ, Ⱥɡɿɹ, ȯɜɪɨɩɚ) ɚɛɨ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ (ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ; ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ).

Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɦɿɠ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɶ (ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ, ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɋɇȾ, ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ȺɋȿȺɇ), ɚɛɨ ɦɿɠ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ, ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɡɚ ɬɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ (ɤɪɚʀɧɢ í ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɢɧɚɮɬɢ, ɤɪɚʀɧɢíɱɢɫɬɿɛɨɪɠɧɢɤɢ).

ȿɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɽ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɡɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɦɿɠɭɪɹɞɨɜɢɯ ɭɝɨɞ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɋɈɌ ɩɪɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɣ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ȽȺɌɌ (Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɿ ɬɨɪ-

ɝɿɜɥɿ (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)), ɩɪɨ ɹɤɿ ɦɨɜɚ ɣɬɢɦɟ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚ.

ɇɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɟɪɟɞ

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ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɦɨɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɽ ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ɋɢɧɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɚɽ ɫɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɰɟ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɿ ɧɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɢ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɥɭɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɜɿɞ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɞɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ.

Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ – ɤɥɸɱɨɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɿɡɧɨɪɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ í ɰɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɿɡ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɶ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ í ɰɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɿɹ, ɹɤɚ ɽ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ, ɚ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɬɚɨɠ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ. ȼɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɰɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ, ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɣ ɪɟɚɿɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɨɞɧɟ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ. ɐɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɢɫɢ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɿɣ, ɳɨ ɫɯɨɠɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɞɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɨɜɿ. əɫɤɪɚɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɽ ɬɨɜɚɪɢ, ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɧɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɿɜ.

Ɂɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɚɦɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ XX ɫɬ. ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɥɢ 70% ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ȼȼɉ, ɜ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɧɨ 65% ɩɪɚɰɟɡɞɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɢ (ɜ ɋɒȺ í ɞɨ 75%), ɨɞɧɚɤ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ʀɯ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɭ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ. ȼ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ ʀɯ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɦɿɧɿ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɨ ɡɪɨɫɥɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɨɸ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ, ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɜ

1980 ɪɨɰɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ 16,6 % (0,395 ɬɪɥɧ ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ), ɭ 2006 ɪɨɰɿ – 19,5% (2,91 ɬɪɥɧ ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ), ɭ 2013 ɪɨɰɿ í ɬɟɠ 20,2% (4,72 ɬɪɥɧ ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ), ɚ ɡɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɚɦɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ, ɞɨ 2015 ɪ. ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɫɹɝɬɢ 25%, ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ.

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əɤ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ í ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ (ɞɚɥɿ – ɆɌɉ) ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɡ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɟɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɦɚɽ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ:

9 ɆɌɉ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɿ, ɚ ɜɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ;

9 ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɸ. ȼɨɧɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɣ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ;

9 ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɯɢɳɟɧɿ, ɧɿɠ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ;

9 ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɿɫɧɨɦɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɟɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟʀ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ;

9ɧɟ ɜɫɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ (ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɬɿ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɟ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ). ȼɟɥɢɤɿ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɣ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ, ɨɯɨɪɨɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ, ɨɫɜɿɬɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɨ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɋɈɌ ɛɭɥɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɟɸ, ɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɟɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ: “ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɫɬɚɽ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɿ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɩɨɤɭɩɟɰɶ ʀʀ í ɰɟ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ í ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ”. Ⱦɨ ɪɟɱɿ, ȽȺɌɋ (Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɭɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɨ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɋɈɌ) ɧɟ ɞɚɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɹɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ í ɧɚɞɬɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɽ ɜɢɞɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɰɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ, ɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɜɚ-

ɬɢɫɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɿɡ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɿɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. 4.1).

Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ȽȺɌɋ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ-ɱɥɟɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɬɨ ȽȺɌɋ ɡɚ ɫɮɟɪɨɸ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɜɢɩɟɪɟɞɠɚɽ ȽȺɌɌ, ɹɤɚ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɮɿɪɦɨɸ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɭ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ.

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ɉɪɢɦɿɬɤɚ. ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɡ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ MTN.GNS/W/124, ɹɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɿ ɋɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, posted courtesy of ISTIA; [The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. The Legal Texts. WTO. Cambridge University Press. 2002. – Ɋ. 286.

Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ “ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ” ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɦɚ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɢɱɨɦɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɿ ɫɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɩɪɨ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ ɩɨɫ-

ɥɭɝɚɦɢ (ȽȺɌɋ) ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪ-

ɝɿɜɥɿ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ14: 1) ɞɿɥɨɜɿ/ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ (ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸ- ɬɟɪɧɿ ɿ ʀɦ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɇȾȾɄɊ, ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɣ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɥɿɡɢɧɝɭ ɬɚ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɿɜ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); 2) ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ (ɩɨɲɬɨɜɿ, ɤɭɪ’ɽɪɫɶɤɿ, ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɨɳɨ); 3) ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɫɭɦɿɠɧɿ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; 4) ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɿɜ, 5) ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ; 6) ɡ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɞɨɜɤɿɥɥɹ; 7) ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; 8) ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ; 9) ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ; 10) ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɨɦ, 12) ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ.

ɇɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɹɤ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɢɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɩɨɜɧɨɰɿɧɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɜɿɧ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɿ ɰɿɥɿɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɮɚɡɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨ ɰɟ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɿ ɹɜɢɳɚ, ɹɤ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɯ

14 ɋɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɿɚɬɨɦ ɋɈɌ, ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚ 12 ɫɟɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɨ 54 ɩɿɞɫɟɤɬɨɪɢ. ɉɿɞɫɟɤɬɨɪɢ, ɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɝɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ 161 ɜɢɞ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.

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ɧɚ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ (ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɬɚ ɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ).

əɤ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɜɢɳɟ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ, ɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɭɡɶɤɿ ɪɢɧɤɢ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣ, ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ, ɩɚɬɟɧɬɿɜ

(ɰɟɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɿ ɞɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɿɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɿ

ɞɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɧɶ)15, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɛɭɞɿɜɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɭɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɨɳɨ.

ɒɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɛɭɜ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɢɧɨɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ í ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ȿɈɆ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤ, ɭɧɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɦɚɽ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɈȿɋɊ ɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɹɯ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: 1) ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ; 2) ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ (ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ); 3) ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ (ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿ); 4) ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ; 5) ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ.

ɆȼɎ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɲɢɪɨɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: 1) ɦɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ; 2) ɿɧɲɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ; 3) ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ; 4) ɿɧɲɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; 5) ɿɧɲɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ.

ɇɚɣɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɿɲɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɋɈɌ.

Ɉɬɠɟ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ í ɰɟ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɪɨɡ-

ɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɭɡɶɤɨɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

15 ȱɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ ɽ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 2% ɜɿɞ ɭɫɶɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɿɝɭ, ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɋɈɌ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɋɈɌ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɍɝɨɞɨɸ ɩɪɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢғ ɩɪɚɜ ɿɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀғ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿғ .

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ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɣ ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɝɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɛɪɨɤɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɿɟɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ.

əɤ ɭɠɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɹ-

ɦɢ ɿ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ, ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɢɦɢ ɡɪɚɡɤɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ, ɿɧɠɢɧɿɪɢɧɝ, ɥɿɡɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɨɳɨ, ɹɤɿ ɬɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɥɟ ʀɯ, ɹɤ ɜɠɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɿ ɞɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɧɶ, ɿ ɞɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɿɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ.

ɋɜɿɬɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɿɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɿɬɬɹ ɞɭɠɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɢɥɨɫɹ.

Ɉɛɫɹɝɢ, ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɹɦɢ,

ɹɤɿ ɽ ɫɭɬɬɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɧɶ,

ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɨɤ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹɦ ʀɯ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɫɿʀ.

Ⱦɨɦɿɧɭɸɱɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɜ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɿ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɋɒȺ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɽ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɚ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɜɢɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɇȾȾɄɊ. ɇɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɋɒȺ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ 56 % ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨɨɛɫɹɝɭɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜɡɚ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɢɦɢɭɝɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɋɒȺ ɡɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ, ɬɪɟɬɽ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɩɨɫɿɞɚɽ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ, ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɟ í ȱɬɚɥɿɹ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɿɦɩɨɪɬɟɪɢ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣ í əɩɨɧɿɹ ɣ ȱɬɚɥɿɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ ɬɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ.

Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɫɬɿ: ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨʀ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɿɤɭ, ɦɚɲɢɧɨɛɭɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɐɿ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɝɥɢɧɚɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɜɢɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ.

Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɧɚɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɢɦɢ ɮɿɪɦɚɦɢ í ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɿ ɞɨɱɿɪɧɿɦɢ ɤɨɦ-

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ɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ʀʀ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɿ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɦɿɪɨɸ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ȽɄ (ɆɇɄ, ɌɇɄ).

Ɋɨɡɦɿɪ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɨɸ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɨɫɿɛ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɨɦ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ, ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɜɿɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɢɬɬɽɜɨ ɪɟɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɳɨ.

ȼ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɰɿ ɩɥɚɬɿɠɧɢɯ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɿɜ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɿɜ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ í ɬɪɚɧɫɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɭɫɿɽʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ. ɍ ɞɚɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɲɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɜɫɿ 4 ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.

Ɉɛɫɹɝɢ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɭ 2006 ɪɨɰɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɦɚɣɠɟ 15 ɬɪɥɧ ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɚɞ 80 % í ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ, 19,5 % í ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ. ȿɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɿ ɞɨɫɹɝ 2,91 ɬɪɥɧ ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ ɭ 2006 ɪɨɰɿ. ȼ 2013 ɪɨɰɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ ɭɠɟ 23,32 ɬɪɥɧ, ɚ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ – 4,72 ɬɪɥɧ ɞɨɥ. (20,2%). Ɂɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɿɜ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɦɩɨɪɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.2.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 4.2

Ⱦɢɧɚɦɿɤɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ (ɬɪɥɧ ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɡɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɦɢ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɦɿɧɧɢɦ ɤɭɪɫɨɦ)

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ɋɜɿɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɽ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɿɡ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɧɚɣɲɜɢɞɲɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɬɶ. Ɂɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɚɦɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɠɧɿ 7-8 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɡ 15 ɪɨɤɚɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ.

ɓɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɦɩɨɪɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɜɿɬɭ. Ʌɿɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɭɬ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɫɿɦ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɽ ɞɨ 70% ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɩɨɧɚɞ 50% ʀɯ ɿɦɩɨɪɬɭ.

Ⱦɨ ɪɟɱɿ, ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡ ɰɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ: ɋɒȺ, ȼɟɥɢɤɭ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɿɸ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɭ ɿ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɸ, – ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɽ 44 % ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɇɚɣɠɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɯɿɛɚ ɳɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ “ɧɨɜɢɯ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ”, ɚɛɨ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ (emerging markets), ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɤ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ (ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɭɽ ɿɧɠɢɧɿɪɢɧɝɨɜɿ, ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ), Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ (ɬɭɪɢɡɦ), ɋɿɧɝɚɩɭɪ (ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ). Ȼɟɡɥɿɱ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɿɜɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

ɋɥɿɞ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɞɿɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɿ ɮɿɪɦɢ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɿ ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ. ɉɨɪɹɞ ɿɡ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨɸ ɽ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹ ɞɨ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟ-

ɦɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.

Ⱦɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɜ) ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɿɹɥɢ ɞɪɿɛɧɿ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɮɿɪɦɢ. Ɂɚɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɰɟɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɜɢɣɲɥɢ ɌɇɄ, ɹɤɿ ɡɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɫɨɛɿ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɫɬɜɨɪɢɜɲɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. ɐɟ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɥɨ ɧɚɞɬɨ ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɿɪɦɢ. Ɋɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɽ ɪɨɡɪɢɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɧ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ,

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