Biomedical Nanotechnology - Neelina H. Malsch

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A.Views of Nanotechnology Experts on Socioeconomic Aspects

I. INTRODUCTION

In this chapter on social and economic aspects related to the emergence of biomedical nanotechnology, I take a different angle from the rest of this book. I start from the perspective of our global society and the needs for better and affordable health care of ordinary people in different parts of our world. From there, I zoom into the priorities of present-day nanotechnology research for biomedical applications. I hope the combination of these perspectives will lead to constructive dialogues among nanotechnology researchers, other promoters of the science, and the general public that will contribute to more efficient development of biomedical applications of nanotechnology that can solve real needs of real people. I also sketch the health care and technology development systems that form the context for present development and eventual use of the biomedical nanotechnologies described earlier in this book. Because I am a European, my analysis will be most relevant to the European context, but I include information and discussions about the United States (U.S.) and other countries.

The starting point of my analysis is the most pressing need for health care worldwide. Therefore, it makes sense to call to mind the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals that form a global framework of actions aiming to fill this need. In 2000, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted its Millennium Declaration; the countries represented promised to work together to establish a more peaceful, prosperous, and just world. Among other issues, they set eight Millennium Development Goals intended to be reached by 2015.

One goal is to halt and begin to reverse the spreads of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other major diseases that afflict humanity. Another goal is to develop a global

B. Diseases

1. Infectious Diseases

Looking at the state of world health from a different angle, infectious diseases are very real threats to the lives and health of people in all parts of the world. Table 6.1 lists most common diseases and numbers of victims. HIV/AIDS alone represents the fourth major cause of death — 2.9 million deaths in 2000.2 HIV is a retrovirus or type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. RNA is responsible for protein expression inside cells. The infection is spread through direct contact of bodily fluids. Unsafe sex and blood transfusions are the main causes of infections. At present, medication that can control the disease is available, and this enables patients to lead healthy lives for many years longer than without the medication. Unfortunately, the drugs are very expensive and not available to most patients in developing countries. No anti-AIDS vaccine or drug that will cure HIV/AIDS completely is yet available.

In developing countries, HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and other tropical diseases claim many victims and lead to considerable losses of national income. Malaria alone kills 1 million people each year and infects many more.3 Malaria is caused by protozoa — animal parasites — and transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The disease has been eradicated in western countries by elimination of the malaria mosquitoes but it is still endemic in developing countries in tropical areas. The available medication consists of strong drugs prescribed to travelers. Local populations can protect themselves by using insecticide-treated nets. The WHO and other organizations are attempting to stimulate research to develop better antimalarial drugs.

In western countries, diseases such as influenza, legionnaires’ disease, and anti- biotic-resistant infections claim many victims every year, especially among sick and elderly people. Additional risks are the emergence of new diseases and the ability of relatively innocent existing diseases to evolve into more deadly variants. This frequently happens with animal diseases that affect humans (zoonoses). Continuous risks of zoonoses are present in areas of intensive livestock farming. Bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE or mad cow disease) is an example of a zoonotic disease that can cause variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans — a lethal disease that causes spongy brain damage. Between 1996 and 2002, 139 cases were reported worldwide and no cure exists to date.4

Table 6.1 Diseases and Numbers of Victims