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US Army Dictionary of Military Terms

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002

2. The clearance of personnel, animals, or materiel from a given locality. 3. The controlled process of collecting, classifying, and shipping unserviceable or abandoned materiel, US or foreign, to appropriate reclamation, maintenance, technical intelligence, or disposal facilities. 4. The ordered or authorized departure of noncombatants from a specific area by Department of State, Department of Defense, or appropriate military commander. This refers to the movement from one area to another in the same or different countries. The evacuation is caused by unusual or emergency circumstances and applies equally to command or non-command sponsored family members. See also evacuee; noncombatant evacuation operations.

evacuation control ship — (*) In an amphibious operation, a ship designated as a control point for landing craft, amphibious vehicles, and helicopters evacuating casualties from the beaches. Medical personnel embarked in the evacuation control ship effect distribution of casualties throughout the attack force in accordance with ship’s casualty capacities and specialized medical facilities available, and also perform emergency surgery.

evacuation convoy — (*) A convoy which is used for evacuation of dangerously exposed waters. See also evacuation of dangerously exposed waters.

evacuation of dangerously exposed waters

— (*) The movement of merchant ships under naval control from severely threatened coastlines and dangerously exposed waters to safer localities. See also dangerously exposed waters.

evacuation of port equipment — (*) The transfer of mobile/movable equipment from a threatened port to another port or to a working anchorage.

evacuation policy — 1. Command decision establishing the maximum number of days that patients may be held within the command for treatment. Patients who, in the opinion of responsible medical officers, cannot be returned to a duty status within the period prescribed are evacuated by the first available means, provided the travel involved will not aggravate their disabilities. 2. A command decision concerning the movement of civilians from the proximity of military operations for security and safety reasons and involving the need to arrange for movement, reception, care, and control of such individuals. 3. Command policy concerning the evacuation of unserviceable or abandoned materiel and including designation of channels and destinations for evacuated materiel, the establishment of controls and procedures, and the dissemination of condition standards and disposition instructions. See also evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02)

evacuee — A civilian removed from a place of residence by military direction for reasons of personal security or the requirements of the military situation. See also displaced person; expellee; refugee.

evader — Any person isolated in hostile or unfriendly territory who eludes capture.

evaluation — In intelligence usage, appraisal of an item of information in terms of credibility, reliability, pertinence, and accuracy.

evaluation agent — That command or agency designated in the program directive to be responsible for the planning, coordination, and conduct of the required evaluation. The evaluation agent, normally the Joint Doctrine Center , J-7, identifies evaluation criteria and the media to be used, develops a proposed evaluation directive, coordinates exercise-related evaluation

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requirements with the sponsoring commands, and provides required evaluation reports to the Director, J-7 . See also joint doctrine; joint tactics, techniques, and procedures; joint test publication.

evaluation and feedback — See intelligence cycle. See also evaluation. (JP 2-0)

evasion — The process whereby individuals who are isolated in hostile or unfriendly territory avoid capture with the goal of successfully returning to areas under friendly control. See also evasion and recovery. (JP 3-50.3)

evasion aid — In evasion and recovery operations, any piece of information or equipment designed to assist an individual in evading capture. Evasion aids include, but are not limited to, blood chits, pointee-talkees, evasion charts, barter items, and equipment designed to complement issued survival equipment. See also blood chit; evasion; evasion and recovery; evasion chart; pointee-talkee; recovery; recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3)

evasion and escape — (*) The procedures and operations whereby military personnel and other selected individuals are enabled to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile area to areas under friendly control. Also called E&E.

evasion and escape intelligence — Processed information prepared to assist personnel to escape if captured by the enemy or to evade capture if lost in enemy-dominated territory.

evasion and escape net — The organization within enemy-held or hostile areas that operates to receive, move, and exfiltrate military personnel or selected individuals to friendly control. See also unconventional warfare.

evasion and escape route — A course of travel, preplanned or not, that an escapee or evader uses in an attempt to depart enemy territory in order to return to friendly lines.

evasion and recovery — The full spectrum of coordinated actions carried out by evaders, recovery forces, and operational recovery planners to effect the successful return of personnel isolated in hostile territory to friendly control. See also evader; evasion; hostile; recovery force.

(JP 3-50.3)

evasion chart — Special map or chart designed as an evasion aid. See also evasion; evasion aid. (JP 3-50.3)

evasion plan of action — A course of action, developed before executing a combat mission, that is intended to improve a potential evader’s chances of successful evasion and recovery by providing recovery forces with an additional source of information that can increase the predictability of the evader’s actions and movement. Also called EPA. See also course of action; evader; evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery force. (JP 3-50.3)

event matrix — A description of the indicators and activity expected to occur in each named area of interest. It normally cross-references each named area of interest and indicator with the times they are expected to occur and the courses of action they will confirm or deny. There is no prescribed format. See also activity; area of interest; indicator. (JP 2-01.3)

event template — A guide for collection planning. The event template depicts the named areas of interest where activity, or its lack of activity, will indicate which course of action the adversary has adopted. See also activity; area of interest; collection planning; course of action.

(JP 2-01.3)

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exaggerated stereoscopy — See hyperstereoscopy.

exceptional transport — (*) In railway terminology, transport of a load whose size, weight, or preparation entails special difficulties vis-a-vis the facilities or equipment of even one of the railway systems to be used. See also ordinary transport.

excess property — The quantity of property in possession of any component of the Department of Defense that exceeds the quantity required or authorized for retention by that component.

exclusive economic zone — A maritime zone adjacent to the territorial sea that may not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the coastal state has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources, both living and nonliving, of the seabed, subsoil, and the subjacent waters and, with regard to other activities, for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone (e.g., the production of energy from the water, currents, and winds). Within the EEZ, the coastal state has jurisdiction with regard to establishing and using artificial islands, installations, and structures having economic purposes as well as for marine scientific research and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. Other states may, however, exercise traditional high seas freedoms of navigation, overflight, and related freedoms, such as conducting military exercises in the EEZ. Also called

EEZ.

exclusion zone — A zone established by a sanctioning body to prohibit specific activities in a specific geographic area. The purpose may be to persuade nations or

groups to modify their behavior to meet the desires of the sanctioning body or face continued imposition of sanctions, or use or threat of force. (JP 3-07)

execute order — 1. An order issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, by the authority and at the direction of the Secretary of Defense, to implement a National Command Authorities decision to initiate military operations. 2. An order to initiate military operations as directed. Also called EXORD. (JP 5-0)

executing commander (nuclear weapons)

A commander to whom nuclear weapons are released for delivery against specific targets or in accordance with approved plans. See also commander(s); releasing commander (nuclear weapons).

execution planning — The phase of the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System crisis action planning process that provides for the translation of an approved course of action into an executable plan of action through the preparation of a complete operation plan or operation order. Execution planning is detailed planning for the commitment of specified forces and resources. During crisis action planning, an approved operation plan or other National Command Authorities-approved course of action is adjusted, refined, and translated into an operation order. Execution planning can proceed on the basis of prior deliberate planning, or it can take place in the absence of prior planning. Also called EP. See also Joint Operation Planning and Execution System. (JP 5-0)

executive agent — A term used to indicate a delegation of authority by the Secretary of Defense to a subordinate to act on the Secretary’s behalf. An agreement between equals does not create an executive agent. For example, a Service cannot become a Department of Defense executive agent for

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a particular matter with simply the agreement of the other Services; such authority must be delegated by the Secretary of Defense. Designation as executive agent, in and of itself, confers no authority. The exact nature and scope of the authority delegated must be stated in the document designating the executive agent. An executive agent may be limited to providing only administration and support or coordinating common functions, or it may be delegated authority, direction, and control over specified resources for specified purposes. Also called EA. See also agent. (JP 0-2)

exercise — A military maneuver or simulated wartime operation involving planning, preparation, and execution. It is carried out for the purpose of training and evaluation. It may be a multinational, joint, or singleService exercise, depending on participating organizations. See also command post exercise; field exercise; maneuver.

exercise directing staff — (*) A group of officers who by virtue of experience, qualifications, and a thorough knowledge of the exercise instructions, are selected to direct or control an exercise.

exercise filled mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a mine containing an inert filling and an indicating device. See also explosive filled mine; fitted mine; mine.

exercise incident — (*) An occurrence injected by directing staffs into the exercise which will have an effect on the forces being exercised, or their facilities, and which will require action by the appropriate commander and/or staff being exercised.

exercise mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a mine suitable for use in mine warfare exercises, fitted with visible or audible

indicating devices to show where and when it would normally fire. See also drill mine; mine; practice mine.

exercise specifications — (*) The fundamental requirements for an exercise, providing in advance an outline of the concept, form, scope, setting, aim, objectives, force requirements, political implications, analysis arrangements, and costs.

exercise sponsor — (*) The commander who conceives a particular exercise and orders that it be planned and executed either by the commander’s staff or by a subordinate headquarters.

exercise study — (*) An activity which may take the form of a map exercise, a war game, a series of lectures, a discussion group, or an operational analysis.

exercise term — A combination of two words, normally unclassified, used exclusively to designate a test, drill, or exercise. An exercise term is employed to preclude the possibility of confusing exercise directives with actual operations directives.

exfiltration — The removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means. See also special operations; unconventional warfare.

existence load — Consists of items other than those in the fighting load that are required to sustain or protect the combat soldier. These items may be necessary for increased personal and environmental protection and are not normally carried by the individual. See also fighting load.

exoatmosphere — See nuclear exoatmospheric burst.

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expedition — A military operation conducted by an armed force to accomplish a specific objective in a foreign country. (JP 3-0)

expeditionary force — An armed force organized to accomplish a specific objective in a foreign country.

expellee — A civilian outside the boundaries of the country of his or her nationality or ethnic origin who is being forcibly repatriated to that country or to a third country for political or other purposes. See also displaced person; evacuee; refugee.

expendable property — Property that may be consumed in use or loses its identity in use and may be dropped from stock record accounts when it is issued or used.

expendable supplies and materiel —

Supplies that are consumed in use, such as ammunition, paint, fuel, cleaning and preserving materials, surgical dressings, drugs, medicines, etc., or that lose their identity, such as spare parts, etc. Also called consumable supplies and materiel.

exploder — (*) A device designed to generate an electric current in a firing circuit after deliberate action by the user in order to initiate an explosive charge or charges.

exploitation — (*) 1. (DOD only) Taking full advantage of success in military operations, following up initial gains, and making permanent the temporary effects already achieved. 2. Taking full advantage of any information that has come to hand for tactical, operational, or strategic purposes. 3. An offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. See also attack; pursuit.

exploratory hunting — (*) In naval mine warfare, a parallel operation to search sweeping, in which a sample of the route

or area is subjected to minehunting procedures to determine the presence or absence of mines.

explosive filled mine — (*) In mine warfare, a mine containing an explosive charge but not necessarily the firing train needed to detonate it. See also exercise filled mine; fitted mine.

explosive ordnance — (*) All munitions containing explosives, nuclear fission or fusion materials, and biological and chemical agents. This includes bombs and warheads; guided and ballistic missiles; artillery, mortar, rocket, and small arms ammunition; all mines, torpedoes, and depth charges; demolition charges; pyrotechnics; clusters and dispensers; cartridge and propellant actuated devices; electro-explosive devices; clandestine and improvised explosive devices; and all similar or related items or components explosive in nature.

explosive ordnance disposal — (*) The detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may also include explosive ordnance which has become hazardous by damage or deterioration. Also called EOD.

explosive ordnance disposal incident — (*)

The suspected or detected presence of unexploded or damaged explosive ordnance which constitutes a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material. Not included in this definition are the accidental arming or other conditions that develop during the manufacture of high explosive material, technical service assembly operations or the laying of mines and demolition charges.

explosive ordnance disposal procedures —

(*) Those particular courses or modes of action taken by explosive ordnance disposal

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personnel for access to, diagnosis, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of explosive ordnance or any hazardous material associated with an explosive ordnance disposal incident. a. access procedures — Those actions taken to locate exactly and gain access to unexploded explosive ordnance. b. diagnostic procedures — Those actions taken to identify and evaluate unexploded explosive ordnance. c. render safe procedures — The portion of the explosive ordnance disposal procedures involving the application of special explosive ordnance disposal methods and tools to provide for the interruption of functions or separation of essential components of unexploded explosive ordnance to prevent an unacceptable detonation. d. recovery procedures — Those actions taken to recover unexploded explosive ordnance. e. final disposal procedures — The final disposal of explosive ordnance which may include demolition or burning in place, removal to a disposal area, or other appropriate means.

explosive ordnance disposal unit —

Personnel with special training and equipment who render explosive ordnance safe (such as bombs, mines, projectiles, and booby traps), make intelligence reports on such ordnance, and supervise the safe removal thereof.

explosive train — (*) A succession of initiating and igniting elements arranged to cause a charge to function.

exposure dose — (*) The exposure dose at a given point is a measurement of radiation in relation to its ability to produce ionization. The unit of measurement of the exposure dose is the roentgen.

exposure station — See air station.

extended communications search — In search and rescue operations, consists of contacting all possible sources of information on the missing craft, including physically checking possible locations such as harbors, marinas, and airport ramps. An extended communications search is normally conducted after a preliminary communications search has yielded no results and when the mission is upgraded to the alert phase. Also called EXCOM.

See also preliminary communications search; search and rescue incident classification, Subpart b.

extent of a military exercise — (*) The scope of an exercise in relation to the involvement of NATO and/or national commands. See also intra-command exercise.

extent of damage — The visible plan area of damage to a target element, usually expressed in units of 1,000 square feet, in detailed damage analysis and in approximate percentages in immediate-type damage assessment reports; e.g., 50 percent structural damage.

external audience — All people who are not part of the internal audience of US military members and civilian employees and their immediate families. Part of the concept of “publics.” Includes many varied subsets that may be referred to as “audiences” or “publics.” See also internal audience; public.

external reinforcing force — (*) A reinforcing force which is principally stationed in peacetime outside its intended Major NATO Command area of operations.

external support contractors — US national or third party contract personnel hired from outside the operational area. See also systems support contractors; theater support contractors. (JP 4-07)

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extraction parachute — An auxiliary parachute designed to release and extract and deploy cargo from aircraft in flight and deploy cargo parachutes. See also gravity extraction.

extraction zone — (*) A specified drop zone used for the delivery of supplies and/or equipment by means of an extraction technique from an aircraft flying very close to the ground.

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F

fabricator — Individuals or groups who, without genuine resources, invent information or inflate or embroider over news for personal gain or for political purposes.

facility — A real property entity consisting of one or more of the following: a building, a structure, a utility system, pavement, and underlying land. See also air facility.

facility substitutes — Items such as tents and prepackaged structures requisitioned through the supply system that may be used to substitute for constructed facilities. (JP 4-04)

fairway — A channel either from offshore, in a river, or in a harbor that has enough depth to accommodate the draft of large vessels. See also draft; watercraft.

(JP 4-01.6)

fallout — The precipitation to Earth of radioactive particulate matter from a nuclear cloud; also applied to the particulate matter itself.

fallout contours — (*) Lines joining points which have the same radiation intensity that define a fallout pattern, represented in terms of roentgens per hour.

fallout pattern — (*) The distribution of fallout as portrayed by fallout contours.

fallout prediction — An estimate, made before and immediately after a nuclear detonation, of the location and intensity of militarily significant quantities of radioactive fallout.

fallout safe height of burst — The height of burst at or above which no militarily significant fallout will be reproduced as a

result of a nuclear weapon detonation. See also types of burst.

fallout wind vector plot — (*) A wind vector diagram based on the wind structure from the surface of the Earth to the highest altitude of interest.

false origin — (*) A fixed point to the south and west of a grid zone from which grid distances are measured eastward and northward.

fan camera photography — (*)

Photography taken simultaneously by an assembly of three or more cameras systematically installed at fixed angles relative to each other so as to provide wide lateral coverage with overlapping images. See also tri-camera photography.

fan cameras — (*) An assembly of three or more cameras systematically disposed at fixed angles relative to each other so as to provide wide lateral coverage with overlapping images. See also split cameras.

fan marker beacon — (*) A type of radio beacon, the emissions of which radiate in a vertical, fan-shaped pattern. The signal can be keyed for identification purposes. See also radio beacon.

farm gate type operations — Operational assistance and specialized tactical training provided to a friendly foreign air force by the Armed Forces of the United States to include, under certain specified conditions, the flying of operational missions in combat by combined United States and foreign aircrews as a part of the training being given when such missions are beyond the capability of the foreign air force.

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feasibility — Operation plan review criterion. The determination as to whether the assigned tasks could be accomplished by using available resources. See also acceptability; adequacy.

feasibility assessment — A basic target analysis that provides an initial determination of the viability of a proposed target for special operations forces employment. Also called FA. (JP 3-05.5)

feasibility test — An operation plan review criteria to determine whether or not a plan is within the capacity of the resources that can be made available. See also logistic implications test.

federal coordinating officer — Appointed by the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, on behalf of the President, to coordinate federal assistance to a state affected by a disaster or emergency. The source and level of the federal coordinating officer will likely depend on the nature of the federal response. Also called FCO. (JP 3-08)

federal modal agencies — See transportation operating agencies.

federal service — A term applied to National Guard members and units when called to active duty to serve the Federal Government under Article I, Section 8 and Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution and the US Code, title 10 (Department of Defense), sections 12401 to 12408. See also active duty; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05)

federal supply class management — Those functions of materiel management that can best be accomplished by federal supply classification, such as cataloging, characteristic screening, standardization, interchangeability and substitution grouping, multi-item specification

management, and engineering support of the foregoing.

federal transport agencies — See transportation operating agencies.

feint — In military deception, an offensive action involving contact with the adversary conducted for the purpose of deceiving the adversary as to the location and/or time of the actual main offensive action. (JP 3-58)

fender — An object, usually made of rope or rubber, hung over the side of a vessel to protect the sides from damage caused by impact with wharves or other craft. (JP 4-01.6)

ferret — An aircraft, ship, or vehicle especially equipped for the detection, location, recording, and analyzing of electromagnetic radiation.

F-hour — See times.

field army — Administrative and tactical organization composed of a headquarters, certain organic Army troops, service support troops, a variable number of corps, and a variable number of divisions. See also Army corps.

field artillery — Equipment, supplies, ammunition, and personnel involved in the use of cannon, rocket, or surface-to-surface missile launchers. Field artillery cannons are classified according to caliber as follows.

Light — 120mm and less. Medium — 121-160mm. Heavy — 161-210mm.

Very heavy — greater than 210mm. Also called FA. See also direct support artillery; general support artillery.

field artillery observer — A person who watches the effects of artillery fire, adjusts the center of impact of that fire onto a target,

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and reports the results to the firing agency. See also naval gunfire spotting team; spotter.

field exercise — (*) An exercise conducted in the field under simulated war conditions in which troops and armament of one side are actually present, while those of the other side may be imaginary or in outline. See also command post exercise.

field fortifications — (*) An emplacement or shelter of a temporary nature which can be constructed with reasonable facility by units requiring no more than minor engineer supervisory and equipment participation.

field headquarters — See command post.

field of fire — (*) The area which a weapon or a group of weapons may cover effectively with fire from a given position.

field of view — (*) 1. In photography, the angle between two rays passing through the perspective center (rear nodal point) of a camera lens to the two opposite sides of the format. Not to be confused with “angle of view.” 2. The total solid angle available to the gunner when looking through the gunsight. Also called FOV.

field of vision — (*) The total solid angle available to the gunner from his or her normal position. See also field of view.

field press censorship — The security review of news material subject to the jurisdiction of the Armed Forces of the United States, including all information or material intended for dissemination to the public. Also called FPC. See also censorship.

field training exercise — An exercise in which actual forces are used to train commanders, staffs, and individual units in basic, intermediate, and advanced-level

warfare skills. Also called FTX. See also exercise; maneuver.

fighter cover — (*) The maintenance of a number of fighter aircraft over a specified area or force for the purpose of repelling hostile air activities. See also airborne alert; cover.

fighter engagement zone — See weapon engagement zone.

fighter sweep — (*) An offensive mission by fighter aircraft to seek out and destroy enemy aircraft or targets of opportunity in an allotted area of operations.

fighting load — Consists of items of individual clothing, equipment, weapons, and ammunition that are carried by and are essential to the effectiveness of the combat soldier and the accomplishment of the immediate mission of the unit when the soldier is on foot. See also existence load.

filler — A substance carried in an ammunition container such as a projectile, mine, bomb, or grenade. A filler may be an explosive, chemical, or inert substance.

filler personnel — Individuals of suitable grade and skill initially required to bring a unit or organization to its authorized strength.

film badge — (*) A photographic film packet to be carried by personnel, in the form of a badge, for measuring and permanently recording (usually) gamma-ray dosage.

filter — (*) In electronics, a device which transmits only part of the incident energy and may thereby change the spectral distribution of energy: a. High pass filters transmit energy above a certain frequency; b. Low pass filters transmit energy below a certain frequency; c. Band pass filters

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