MusculoSkeletal Exam

cubitus valgus—198

tubercle)—244, 245

cubitus varus (gunstock deformity)—

dorsalis pedis pulse—391–2, 392

198

dorsiflexion of ankle/foot—419

cuboid—381, 382

active—400, 401, 402

palpation—393, 394

passive—401, 403, 403

cuboid-metatarsal joint—408–9, 409

resistive—413, 413, 414

cuneiform—381, 382, 386, 387

double support—438

cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410, 410

dowager’s hump—28

cutaneous innervation of lower limb—123

drop arm test—190, 191

drop foot—391

de Quervain’s disease—248, 274, 275, 284,

duck walk test (Childress’ sign)—373

285

Dupuytren contracture—239

deep fascia—14

deep infrapatella bursa—345, 345

eccentric contraction—11

deep tendon (stretch) reflexes—31

effusion in knee—376

deltoid (medial collateral) ligament—386,

elastin—8, 9

388, 388

elbow—141, 196–232

deltoid muscle—170, 171, 172, 172

active movement testing—208

palpation—150–1, 151

dermatomes—223

trigger points—159

extension—206, 221

dermatomes—128

flexion—206, 221, 227

cervical—68, 70, 73

functional anatomy—196–7

elbow—223

golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)

hand and wrist—280, 280

test—229, 230

hip—324, 326

inflammatory disease—200

knee—367

mechanisms of injury—196, 199

lower extremity—122

mobility testing—211–15

lower leg—418, 419

neurological examination—220–8, 221

lumbar—122, 122

entrapment neuropathies—223–8

sacral—129

observation—197–8

shoulder—181, 183

palpatory examination—198, 200–7

thoracic—78

anterior aspect—200–1

upper arm and forearm—223

lateral aspect—202, 204

diabetes mellitus—384

medial aspect—201–2

dislocation

posterior aspect—205–7

elbow—196

passive movement testing—208–15

shoulder—181

radiological views—231, 232, 232

appearance—185, 185

referred pain patterns—229, 231

apprehension test (Crank test)—

reflexes—221–3

184–5, 187

resistive testing—215–20

distal interphalangeal crease—237

sensation—223, 224, 225

distal interphalangeal joint

subjective examination—198

extension—256, 257

tennis elbow test (lateral epicondylitis)

flexion—255–6, 257, 266, 266

test—228–9, 230

traction—261, 261

trigger points—207, 208, 209

distal palmar (transverse) crease—237

elbow flexion test—227

distal wrist crease—237

elevation, scapular—177–8, 178

distraction—32

muscles, innervation and root levels—

cervical spine—79

182

sacroiliac—136, 137

Elvey’s test (brachial plexus tension test;

temporomandibular joint—94

upper limb tension test)—68–9, 70,

dominant eye, use in physical

71

examination—18

Ely’s test—328, 329

dorsal artery of foot—391–2, 392

empty can (supraspinatus) test—191, 192

dorsal cutaneous ulnar nerve entrapment—

empty end feel—30

282–3

end feel (end point)—29

dorsal glide

endomysium—11

cuboid-metatarsal joint—408–9, 409

entrapment neuropathies—280–3

fibula at superior tibiofibular joint—407,

elbow—223–8

408

epimysium—11

first cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410,

equinus deformity—441, 442, 443

410

Erb-Duchenne palsy—181, 185

humeral head—168, 169

erector spinae (sacrospinalis muscle)—102,

metacarpals—260–1, 261

102, 119

metatarsals—410, 410

eversion, foot and ankle—419

radial head—215, 215, 260

active—400, 401, 402

radius—215, 215, 260

forefoot—406, 406

dorsal interossei—269, 270

passive—403–4, 404, 405, 406, 406

extensor pollicis brevis—248, 273, 274

first rib

extensor pollicis longus—248, 249, 273,

palpation—53, 54

273

structures of thoracic outlet—192

extensor retinaculum—247, 247

ventral-caudal glide—65, 66

extensors of hip—315, 315

flat back—27, 27

external oblique—118

flat foot (pes planus)—19, 23, 24, 27, 426,

external occipital protuberance (inion)—

426

40, 41

flexibility test

external rotation

ankle and foot—421, 422

hip—325

hip—327–8

active—305, 307

knee—368

passive—311, 311

flexible flat foot—426, 426

resistive—319, 322, 323

flexion

shoulder—182

ankle—419

active—162, 163, 163

resistive—411, 411–12, 412, 413,

passive—166–7, 167

413

radiological views—194

cervical spine

resistive—176–7, 177

active—60, 61, 62

passive—62, 63

Fabere (Patrick’s) test—136, 137, 330, 331

resistive—65, 66, 67

facet joints—34, 43, 45, 45

elbow—206, 221

Fairbanks (apprehension) test—373, 376

active—208

fascia—14

passive—209, 210, 210

fasciitis—14

resistive—215, 215–16, 216

fast-twitch fiber—11, 12

fingers—279

femoral artery—299, 299

active—250

femoral head ventral glide—312, 314

interphalangeal joint—255–6, 257

femoral nerve—299, 299

passive—253–4, 255, 255–6, 257

femoral nerve (prone knee bending) test—

resistive—266, 266

32

foot

femoral pulse—299, 299

active—401

femoral stretch test—133, 135

metatarsophalangeal joint—406, 407

femoral triangle—298, 298

passive—406, 407

femoral vein—299, 299

plantar flexion—400, 401, 402, 403,

femur—336

403

anteversion

resistive—411, 411–12, 412, 413, 413

angle—332, 332

hand—270, 270

Craig test—332–3, 333

metacarpophalangeal joint—253–4,

condyles—336, 336

255

fibrocartilage—7, 9

hip—325

fibroelastic cartilage—7, 8

active—304, 305

fibrosis—14

passive—307–8, 308

fibula—380

resistive—313, 314, 315, 315

dorsal and ventral glide at superior

intervertebral mobility testing—62, 63

tibiofibular joint—407, 408

knee—365

head palpation—349, 349–50

active—354

ventral glide at inferior tibiofibular joint

gait—438

407, 408

passive—355, 355

fifth metatarsal—393, 394

resistive—362–3, 363

finger flexor jerk—73

lumbar spine

finger pads—241

active—110, 110

fingers—234

passive—112, 112–13

abduction—270, 271, 279

resistive—117

active movement testing—250

shoulder—182

adduction—270, 271, 279

active—156, 162, 162, 163

extension—279

passive—164, 164

flexion—279

resistive—170–2, 171

palpation—240–1, 247

thumb—258–9, 259, 259, 273, 273, 279

passive testing—253–9

active—251

resistive testing—265–70

toes—419

Finkelstein’s test—284, 284

active—401, 402

first carpometacarpal joint—256, 258, 258

resistive—411, 415, 416, 417

first cricoid ring—51, 52

trunk—117, 118

first cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410, 410

wrist

first metacarpal—243–4, 244

active—250

first metatarsal joint—386, 387

passive—251, 252

first metatarsophalangeal joint

resistive—262–3, 263, 264

palpation—386, 387

flexion moment—438

traction—411, 411

flexion (proximal palmar) crease—237

passive inversion—405, 405

hamate—241, 242

forefoot valgus/varus—426–7, 428

hammer toe—23, 24, 400, 401

forefoot-heel alignment test—426–7, 428

hamstring jerk—127, 366, 366–7

forward bending

hamstrings—315, 317, 319, 338, 362, 364,

cervical and thoracic spine—60, 61

365

lumbosacral spine—110, 110

trigger points—353

forward head posture—28

hand—141, 234–91

Fowler relocation test—185

active movement testing—250–1

fracture

dermatomes—280, 280

Bennett’s—244

Finkelstein’s test—284, 284

elbow—196

flexion—270, 270

Jones—393

functional anatomy—234–5

sacrum—306

joint flexibility and stability tests—287–9

stress, lower leg and foot—425

mobility testing—259–61

freeway space assessment—92, 92

muscles, innervation and root levels—

Froment’s sign—276, 278

279

funny bone—201

neurological examination—279–83

observation—235

Gaenslen’s sign—135, 136

palpatory examination—236–50

gait—434–45

dorsal aspect—244–50

abnormal—437, 440–5

palmar aspect—236–41

foot and ankle—440–2

radial (lateral) aspect—242–4

hip—443–4

ulnar (medial) aspect—241–2

knee—442–3

passive movement testing—251–61

observation—440, 441

fingers—253–9

definition—437

mobility testing—259–61

leg length discrepancy—444–5

radial deviation—253, 253

normal—437, 437–40, 438

ulnar deviation—253, 254

stance phase—438

wrist extension—251, 252

swing phase—438

wrist flexion—251, 252

gamekeeper’s thumb—261, 262

Phalen’s test—282, 283

gastrocnemius—352, 352, 411, 411

radiological views—291

gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa—

referred pain patterns—289, 290

353, 353

resistive testing—265–79

gemellus inferior—319, 322

distal interphalangeal joint flexion—

gemellus superior—319, 322

266, 266

genu recurvatum—19, 25, 27, 340

finger extension—268, 268–9, 269

genu valgum—19, 20, 25, 340

interossei—269, 269–70, 270

genu varum—19, 20, 25

proximal interphalangeal joint flexion

Gerdy’s tubercle—349, 349

266, 267, 268, 268

Gillet (marching; stork) test—115–16, 116

thumb—273–9

glenohumeral joint—143, 144, 144

subjective examination—235–6

glenoid—141, 143, 144, 167

Tinel’s test—280, 282

gluteus maximus—293, 315, 315, 317, 319

Hawkins supraspinatus impingement test—

trigger points—302

190–1, 191

gluteus medius—293, 317, 318, 322,

head position—22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 37

439–40

Heberden’s nodes—240

trigger points—303

heel-strike—438, 439, 439

gluteus minimus—293, 323, 323

Helfet test—373, 376

goiter—51

hindfoot—381, 382

golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)—

deviations from normal alignment—

201

426

test—229, 230

passive eversion—404–5, 405

goniometer—29

passive inversion—404, 405

gout—440

hindfoot valgus/varus—426, 427

gracilis—319, 320, 347, 362, 364, 365

hip—293–334, 434

gravity test (posterior drawer test)—358,

abnormal gait—443–4

358

active movement testing—303–5

greater occipital nerve—48, 49

alignment tests—331–3

greater trochanter—297–8, 298

congenital dysplasia—295

greater tuberosity of humerus—148, 149

dermatomes—324, 326

grinding/distraction test of Apley—373,

flexibility tests—327–8

375

flexion moment—439

grip evaluation—289, 289

functional anatomy—293, 293–5

ground substance—5–6

mechanics—293, 293–4, 294

growth-plate cartilage—7

mobility testing—312

gunstock deformity (cubitus varus)—198

neurological examination—324–7

Guyon’s canal—234–5, 242, 283, 283

observation—295

innervation

flexion—365, 439

ankle and foot—419, 420, 421

functional anatomy—336–9

elbow—221, 224, 225

joint effusion tests—376

hand and wrist—279

ligaments—8, 9

hip—326, 326

meniscal damage tests—371, 373

knee—365, 367

mobility testing—356–9

muscles—12

neurological examination—365–7

innominates (ilia)—35

observation—339–40

intercostobrachial nerve—184

palpatory examination—341–53

intermediate fiber—12

anterior aspect—341–5

internal oblique—118

lateral aspect—347–51

internal rotation

medial aspect—345–7

hip

posterior aspect—351–3

active—305, 307

passive movement testing—354–9

passive—310, 310–11

patellofemoral joint tests—373

resistive—322–4, 323, 324

posture examination—19, 20, 23, 26, 27

shoulder

radiological views—377, 378, 378

active—163, 163

referred pain patterns—368, 368

muscles, innervation and root levels—

reflexes—366–7

182

resistive testing—359–65

passive movement testing—165–6,

stability—337–8, 339

166

stability and structural integrity tests—

radiological views—194

368–71

resistive—175, 175–6, 176

subjective examination—340

interossei—269, 269–70, 270

trigger points—353, 353, 354

interosseous nerve entrapment—225, 227

knee jerk—366, 366

interphalangeal creases—237

Koch model—293, 293

interphalangeal joint

kyphosis—20, 22, 28, 29

extension—256, 257

flexion—255–6, 257, 266, 266, 267,

L1 root level testing—122, 124

268, 268

L2 root level testing—122, 124

foot—384

L3 root level testing—125, 125, 127

palpation—247

L4 root level testing—126, 127

intervertebral mobility

L5 root level testing—127, 128

cervical spine—62–3, 63, 64

Lachman test—369, 369

lumbar spine—113–15, 114

Larsen–Johansson disease—343

intrathecal pressure—135

Lasegue’s (straight-leg raise) test—32,

intrinsic minus hand (claw hand)—283,

131–3, 132

284

lateral bending of cervical spine—68, 68

inversion, foot and ankle—419

lateral border of scapula—152, 153

active—400, 401, 402

lateral collateral ligament—204, 204, 336,

forefoot—405, 405

337, 337, 350, 350

passive—403, 404, 404–5, 405

lateral distraction

subtalar (hindfoot)—404–5, 405, 413,

hip—312, 313

414, 415, 415, 419

shoulder—167, 168

inversion stress test—425, 425

lateral epicondyle—202, 206

invertors of foot—413, 414

lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)—202

ischial tuberosity—100–1, 101, 301, 301

test—228–9, 230

isciorectal abscess—306

lateral (external) rotation

isometric contraction—11, 30

hip

active—305, 307

jaw closing—95, 95

passive—311, 311

jaw jerk—95, 95

resistive—319, 322, 323

jaw opening—94–5, 95

shoulder

jaw posture—23

passive—166–7, 167

Jendrassik’s method of reinforcement—31

resistive—176–7, 177

jerk (Hughston) test—371, 371, 372

lateral femoral condyle—347, 348

Jobe relocation test—185

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve—325, 327

joint effusion in knee—376

lateral femoral epicondyle—347, 348

Jones fracture—393

lateral gapping

jumper’s knee—344, 364

elbow—213, 214

knee—358, 360

Keinböck’s disease—244

lateral glide

knee—336–78, 434

tibia—359, 361

abnormal gait—442–3

ulna—212

active movement testing—354

lateral malleolus—393, 393

dermatomes—367

lateral meniscus—349, 350

extension—365

lateral pterygoid—86–7, 95

flexibility tests—368

trigger points—88

resistive testing—411–17

L3 root level—125, 125

structural integrity tests—423–6

L4 root level—126, 127

subjective examination—384–5

L5 root level—127, 128

toe palpation—399–401

lumbar plexus—120, 120–1

cutaneous innervation—123

lumbosacral plexus—121, 121, 122

gait—434–45

S1 root level—127, 129

abnormal—440–5

S2-S4 root levels—127

definition—437

observation—97

normal—437, 437–40, 438

palpatory examination—98–106

hip—293–334

anterior bony structures—104, 105

abnormal gait—443–4

anterior soft-tissue structures—105–6,

active movement testing—303–5

106

alignment tests—331, 331, 332, 332

posterior bony structures—98–101,

flexibility tests—327–8

99, 100, 101

mobility testing—312

posterior soft-tissue structures—

neurological examination—324–7

101–2, 102, 103

observation—295

side-lying soft-tissue structures—104

palpatory examination—296–302

passive testing—111–17

passive movement testing—305–12

physiological movements—112

radiological views—333, 333, 334

radiological views—137, 138, 139

referred pain patterns—327

referred pain patterns—107, 108, 109

resistive testing—313–24

resistive testing—117–20

stability and structural integrity tests—

sacroiliac joint tests—136, 136–7, 137

328, 330–1

slump test—133, 134

subjective examination—295

straight-leg raise test—131–3, 132

trigger points—302, 302, 303, 304

subjective examination—97

knee—336–78

tests to increase intrathecal pressure—

abnormal gait—442–3

135

active movement testing—354

trigger points—106, 107, 108, 109

flexibility tests—368

Valsalva’s maneuver—135, 136

ligaments—8, 9

lunate—244, 245

mobility testing—356–9

lurch (compensated Trendelenburg) gait—

neurological examination—365–7

443, 444

observation—339–40

lymph node palpation, neck—55, 55

palpatory examination—341–53

passive movement testing—354–9

Macintosh (pivot shift) test—338, 369,

patellofemoral joint tests—373

370, 371

radiological views—377, 378, 378

McMurray’s test—371, 373, 374

referred pain patterns—368, 368

magnetic resonance imaging

resistive testing—359–65

cervical spine—81

stability and structural integrity tests—

lumbosacral spine—138, 139

368–71

shoulder—194

subjective examination—340

malleolus—385, 386

tests for joint effusion—376

mallet finger—249

tests for meniscal damage—371, 373

mandible

trigger points—353, 353, 354

active movements

posture examination—19–20, 432

lateral deviation—91–2, 92

anterior view—23, 23–5, 24, 25

mouth closing—90

lateral view—26

mouth opening—89–90, 91

posterior view—19, 19–20, 20

protrusion—90–1, 92

sitting—29

measurement—93, 93

lower lateral cutaneous nerve—184

palpation—86, 86

lumbar plexus—120, 120–1

manual muscle testing—31

lumbar spine—35

marching (Gillet; stork) test—115–16, 116

capsular pattern—109, 112

marrow cavity (medullary canal)—6

lumbosacral disc herniation—131, 131,

masseter—87, 87, 95

132

trigger points—89

lumbosacral plexus—121, 121, 122

mastoid process—41, 42

lumbosacral spine—97–139

medial border of scapula—151–2, 152

active movement testing—106, 110,

medial collateral (deltoid) ligament—386,

110–11

388, 388

dermatomes—124, 125, 126

medial collateral ligament, elbow—196,

femoral stretch test—133, 135

201, 203, 336, 337, 337, 346–7,

Hoover test—133

347

mobility testing—112, 112–15

medial compartment of hand—237–8

neoplasms—98

medial cutaneous nerve—184

neurological examination—120–31

medial epicondyle—201, 202, 206

L1 root level—122, 124

medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow)—201

L2 root level—122, 124

test—229, 230

mobility testing (cont.):

nerve compression—447

hip—312

nerve stretch testing—32

knee—356–9

neurofibromatosis—98

lumbosacral spine—112, 112–15

neurological examination—31

shoulder—167–70, 168, 169, 170

ankle and foot—417–21, 419

temporomandibular joint—94

cervical spine—68–78

wrist and hand—259–61

brachial pelxus—68–9

modified Helfet test—373, 376

root level determination—70, 72–8

moment—434, 438

upper limb extension test—68–9

Monteggia fracture—196

elbow—220–8, 221

Morton’s neuroma—425, 425–6

entrapment neuropathies—223–8

Morton’s toe—399, 399

hip—324–7, 325

Moulder’s click—426

knee—365, 365–7

mouth closure—90

lumbosacral spine—120–31

jaw jerk reflex—95, 95

L1 root level—122, 124

mouth opening—89–90, 91

L2 root level—122, 124

movement diagram—29, 30

L3 root level—125, 125, 127

lumbosacral spine active movement—

L4 root level—126, 127

110, 111

L5 root level—127, 128

movement testing

lumbar plexus—120, 120–1

active—29

lumbosacral plexus—121, 121, 122

passive—29–30

S1 root level—127, 129

mobility (acccessory)—31

S2–S4 root levels—127

resisted—30–1

shoulder—181–2, 182

multidirectional instability test—188, 188

wrist and hand—279, 279–83

multifidi—108, 118

neurological tests, ankle and foot—421–3

muscle tendon injury—446

noninflammatory joint disease—447

muscle testing

normal gait—437, 437–40, 438

L1 root level—122

Noyes test—371

L2 root level—122, 124

L3 root level—125, 125

Ober’s test—328, 328

L4 root level—126, 127

observation—16

L5 root level—127, 128

abnormal gait—440, 441

S1 root level—127, 129

ankle and foot—384

S2–S4 root levels—127

cervical and thoracic spine—37–8

muscles—10, 10–12, 11, 12

elbow—197–8

ankle and foot—419

hip—295

elbow—221

knee—339–40

fascicle arrangements—12

lumbosacral spine—97

fiber types—11, 12

posture—18–19

hand and wrist—279

shoulder—145

hip—325

temporomandibular joint—83–4

knee—365

wrist and hand—235

shoulder—182

obturator externus—319, 322

musculocutaneous nerve—181

obturator internus—319, 322

musculoskeletal system

occiput—41, 41

components—5–14

occlusive arterial disease—388

bone—6–7, 7

odontoid—34, 35

cartilage—7–8, 8

olecranon—205, 206

fascia—14

olecranon bursa—13, 196, 199, 206, 207

ligaments—8, 8–10, 9

olecranon fossa—205, 206

muscle—10, 10–12, 11, 12

Oppenheim’s test—423, 423

synovium and bursae—13, 13–14

opponens digiti minimi—278, 278

tendons—13, 13

opponens pollicis—278, 278

function—2–4

opposition—258, 258, 278, 278–9

musculotendinous junction—13

Osgood–Schlatter disease—344

myofascial pain of shoulder girdle—156

Osler’s nodes—241

myofibril—11

osteoarthritis—4, 5, 9

myosin—11

cervical spine—35

hip—295, 443

nails—23, 247

knee—338

Nakajima test—371

overbite measurement—92, 93

narrow walking base—438

overjet measurement—92–3, 93

navicular (scaphoid)—234, 242, 243, 381,

overuse syndrome of foot and ankle—385

382

navicular tubercle—386, 386

pain

neck, anterior-posterior relationships—37,

inflammatory—3

37

mechanical overload—7

neoplasm—447

passive movement testing—30

parotid gland—56, 56

pes cavus—19, 23, 27

parson’s knee—345

pes planus (flat foot)—19, 23, 24, 27, 426,

passive movement testing—29–30, 31

426

ankle and foot—401, 403–11

phalanges of foot—381, 381, 383, 384

cervical and thoracic spine—62–5, 63, 64

Phalen’s test—282, 283

elbow—208–15

physical examination—16–32

hip—305–12

definition—2

knee—354–9

objective—18–32

lumbosacral spine—111–17

observations—16

shoulder—164, 164–70, 165, 166, 167

purpose—2

temporomandibular joint—93–4

subjective—16–18

wrist and hand—251–61

physiological movements

accessory movements—259–61

ankle and foot—401, 403–7

fingers—253–9

cervical and thoracic spine—62

radial deviation—253, 253

elbow—210–11

ulnar deviation—253, 254

hip—307–11

wrist extension—251, 252

knee—355–6

wrist flexion—251, 252

lumbosacral spine—112

patella—336–7, 337, 338

shoulder—164, 164–7, 165, 166, 167

mobility testing—359, 361, 362

temporomandibular joint—94

palpation—341, 342, 343, 343

wrist and hand—251–9

Q angle—339, 340

pinch evaluation—289, 290

squinting—24, 25, 333

pinprick test—31

patella alta—341, 342

piriformis—317, 319, 322

patella baja—341, 342

palpation—104, 104, 301–2, 302

patella-nail syndrome—247

trigger points—303

patellar ligament—344, 345

piriformis test—322, 323

patellofemoral arthritis (Waldron) test—

pisiform—241, 242

373

pivot shift (Macintosh) test—338, 369,

patellofemoral articulation—336, 336

370, 371

patellofemoral compression syndrome—

plantar aponeurosis—398–9, 399

341

plantar fascia—398–9, 399

patellofemoral joint tests—373

plantar flexion—400, 401, 419

pathological limit—29

ankle—411, 411–12, 412

pathological reflex testing—32

active—400, 401, 402

patient history see subjective examination

passive—403, 403

Patrick’s (Fabere) test—136, 137, 330, 331

gait—438

pectineus—319

plantar glide

pectoralis major—173, 175, 175

cuboid-metatarsal joint—408–9, 409

palpation—150, 151

first cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410,

trigger points—161

410

pectoralis major jerk test—181, 181

metatarsals—410, 410

pectoralis minor—192

plantar reflex—127

pectus carinatum—25

plantar surface

pectus excavatum—25

innervation—421

Pellegrini-Stieda disease—347

palpation—397–9

pelvis—434

plates (volar ligaments)—384

gait—438

platysma—53, 147

overview—34–5

plicae—343

posture examination—20, 23, 26, 27

tests—373

radiological views—333

Plummer-Vinson syndrome—247

perichondrium—14

poliomyelitis—440, 443

perimysium—11, 14

popliteal artery—352

periosteum—6, 9, 14

popliteal fossa—352, 352

peripheral nerves

popliteal nerve—352

hip—326

popliteal pulse—352

leg—367

popliteal vein—352

lower leg and foot—420

popliteus—349, 362, 364, 365

upper arm and forearm—224, 225

posterior cruciate ligament—336, 337,

wrist and hand—280, 281

337, 338

peritendon (tendon sheath)—13

posterior cutaneous nerve of arm—184

peroneal nerve—133

posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm—184

peroneal nerve compression—421, 422

posterior drawer test—187, 187, 358, 358

peroneus brevis—415, 415

posterior glide of tibia—357–8, 358

peroneus brevis tendon—395, 395

posterior interosseous nerve syndrome

peroneus longus—415, 415

(supinator syndrome)—228, 229

peroneus longus tendon—395, 395

posterior superior iliac spine—99, 100,

peroneus tubercle—393, 394

300, 301

pes anserinus—347, 348

posterior talofibular ligament—395

radial artery—239

elbow—215–20

radial compartment of hand—239–41

hip—313–24

radial deviation

knee—359–65

hand—250

lumbosacral spine—117–20, 118, 119

wrist—253, 253

shoulder—170–80

radial head

abduction—172–3, 173

palpation—204, 204

adduction—173–5, 175

ventral and dorsal glide—215, 215

extension—172, 172

radial longitudinal (thenar) crease—237

flexion—170–2, 171

radial nerve

lateral (external) rotation—176–7,

entrapment at elbow—228, 229

177

stretch test—69, 71

medial (internal) rotation—175,

radial pulse—239

175–6, 176

radiculopathy—447

scapular elevation—177–8, 178

radiocarpal joint, traction—260, 260

scapular protraction—179–80, 180,

radiological views

181

ankle and foot—427, 430, 431, 432

scapular retraction—178–9, 179

cervical spine—80, 81, 81

temporomandibular joint—94–5

elbow—231, 232, 232

wrist and hand—262–79

hip—333, 333, 334

distal interphalangeal joint flexion—

knee—377, 378, 378

266, 266

lumbosacral spine—137, 138, 139

fingers extension—268, 268–9, 269

shoulder—193, 194

interossei—269, 269–70, 270

wrist and hand—291

proximal interphalangeal joint

radioulnar joint—196

flexion—266, 267, 268, 268

radius—196, 260

thumb—273–9

dorsal tubercle (Lister’s tubercle)—244,

wrist extension—263–5, 265

245

wrist flexion—262–3, 263, 264

fracture—196

retinacular test—287, 287

styloid process—242, 243

retraction, scapular—178, 178–9, 179

ventral and dorsal glide—215, 215

muscles, innervation and root level—182

range of motion—448–9

retrocalcaneal bursa—396, 397

abnormal gait

retrocalcaneal bursitis—412

foot and ankle—441–2

reverse Lachman test—369, 370

hip—444

rheumatoid arthritis—4, 240, 384

knee—443

rhomboideus muscles—153, 153, 178, 178

active movement testing—29

trigger points—160

rectus abdominis—105, 106, 107, 117,

ribs—54, 54

118, 118

first—53, 54, 192

rectus femoris—313, 364, 364

ventral-caudal glide—65, 66

referred pain patterns

rigid flat foot—426, 426

abdominal region/lumbosacral spine—

Rockwood (anterior instability) test—184,

107, 108, 109

186

ankle and foot—421, 421

Roos test—193, 193

cervical spine—79, 80

root levels

elbow—229, 231

ankle and foot—419

hip—327

elbow—221

knee—368, 368

hand and wrist—279

shoulder—193, 194

hip—325

temporomandibular joint—83

knee—365

wrist and hand—289, 290

shoulder—182

reflex sympathetic dystrophy—448

rotation

reflexes

cervical spine—60–1, 61

ankle and foot—418

active—60–1, 61

elbow—221–3

intervertebral mobility testing—63, 64

jaw jerk—95, 95

knee—365

knee—366–7

passive movement testing—356, 356

L1 root level—122

resistive testing—364–5, 365

L2 root level—122

lumbosacral spine—110, 111

L3 root level—125, 127

pelvic—20, 438, 439

L4 root level—126, 127

trunk—118, 118–19

L5 root level—127

rotator cuff—143–4, 154–5, 155

S1 root level—127, 129

rotatores—118

shoulder—181

rounded shoulder—28, 29

superficial—127

rounded thoracic kyphosis—29

relocation test—185

resistive testing—30–1

S1 root level—127

ankle and foot—411–17

S2–S4 root levels—127

cervical and thoracic spine—65–8

sacral base—100, 100

shoulder—141, 143–94

side bending

cervical spine

acromioclavicular shear test—189,

cervical and thoracic spine—60, 61,

axis (C2)—43, 43

189

62–3, 63

C3–C6—43, 44

active movement testing—156, 162,

intervertebral mobility testing—62–3, 63

C7—43, 43

162–3, 163

lumbosacral spine—110, 111, 113, 113

lumbar spine—98–9, 99

Adson’s maneuver—191, 193

sinus tarsi—390–1, 391

palpation—43, 44, 45–6, 46

anterior instability (Rockwood) test—

SIT muscles—154

posteroanterior central pressure (ventral

184, 186

sitting forward-flexion test—116–17, 117

glide)—64, 64

clunk test—188, 188

sitting posture—29

thoracic spine—45–6, 46

cross-flexion test—189, 189

skeletal muscle—10, 10–12, 11, 12

T1—43

dermatomes—181, 183

skier’s thumb—261

transverse pressure—65, 66, 114, 115

dislocation—181

skin rolling—32

splenius capitis trigger points—57

apprehension (Crank) test—184–5,

skull—38

spondylosis test—137, 137

187

Slocum test—371, 372

sprain—9, 10

drop arm test—190, 191

slow-twitch fiber—11, 12

Sprengel’s deformity—22, 23

flexion—170–2, 171

slump test—32, 133, 134

spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament—381,

functional anatomy—143, 143–5

snapping shoulder—151

383

Hawkins supraspinatus impingement

soft-tissue structures palpation

Spurling test—78, 78–9

test—190–1, 191

ankle and foot

squinting patella—24, 25, 333, 341, 342

impingement syndromes—144–5, 146

lateral—393–5

stability and structural integrity tests

inferior instability and multidirectional

medial—386, 388–90

hip—328, 330–1

instability test—188, 188

plantar surface—398–9

knee—368–71

innervation—184

posterior—397

stance phase—438

lateral (external) rotation—176–7, 177

cervical and thoracic spine

standing forward-bending test—115, 115

medial (internal) rotation—175, 175–6,

anterior—54–6

step length—438

176

posterior—47–9

steppage gait—413, 441, 441

mobility testing—167–70, 168, 169,

elbow

sternal angle (angle of Louis)—51, 53

170

anterior—200–1

sternoclavicular joint—141, 143

neurological examination—181–2

lateral—204–5

mobility testing—168–9, 169

motor—181, 182

medial—201–2

palpation—51, 53, 147, 147

sensation—181–2, 183, 184

posterior—206–7

sternocleidomastoid—38, 149–50, 150

observation—145

hip—298–300, 301–2

palpation—54–5, 55

palpatory examination—146–56

knee

resistive testing—67, 67

anterior bony structures—146–9

anterior—344–5

trigger points—56, 58

anterior soft-tissue structures—

lateral—350–1

stork (Gillet; marching) test—115–16, 116

149–51

medial—346–7

straight-leg raise test—32, 131–3, 132

lateral soft-tissue structures—154–6

posterior—351–3

strain—9, 12

medial soft-tissue structures—153–4

lumbosacral spine

stress fracture—7

posterior bony structures—151–3

anterior—105–6, 106

lower leg and foot—425

posterior soft-tissue structures—

posterior—101–2, 102, 103

stretch (deep tendon) reflexes—31

151–3, 154–6

side-lying—104, 104

stride length—438

passive movement testing—164, 164–70,

shoulder

structural integrity tests—29

165, 166, 167

anterior—149–51

ankle and foot—423–6

posterior drawer test—187, 187

lateral—154–6

hip—328, 330–1

posture examination—19, 22, 22, 23, 25,

medial—153–4

knee—368–71

26

posterior—151–3, 154–6

posture—18–19

radiological views—193, 194

temporomandibular joint—85–7

student’s elbow—206

referred pain patterns—193, 194

wrist and hand

subacromial bursa—144, 155–6, 156

reflexes—181

dorsal—247–50

subacromial space—144, 145

relocation test—185

palmar—237–41

subacute bacterial endocarditis—241

resistive testing—170–80, 171

radial—244

subdeltoid (subacromial) bursa—144,

abduction—172–3, 173, 174

ulnar—242

155–6, 156

adduction—173–5, 175

soleus—411, 411

subjective examination—16–18

extension—172, 172

Speed’s test of biceps—189, 190

ankle and foot—384–5

Roos test—193, 193

spina bifida occulta—39, 98

cervical and thoracic spine—38–9

rounded—28, 29

spinal accessory nerve injury—182

elbow—198

scapular elevation—177–8, 178

spinalis thoracis—119

hip—295

scapular protraction—179, 179–80,

spine

knee—340

180, 181

cervical see cervical spine

lumbosacral spine—97

scapular retraction—178, 178–9, 179

compression and distraction—32

questions—18

Speed’s test of biceps—189, 190

lumbosacral see lumbosacral spine

shoulder—145–6

subjective examination—145–6

overview—34–5

temporomandibular joint—84

supraspinatus test—191, 192

posture examination—19, 20, 22, 22, 23,

wrist and hand—235–6

trigger points—156, 157, 158, 159, 160,

26, 27

suboccipital muscles

161

scapular—46, 47, 151, 152

palpation—48, 49

Wright’s maneuver—191, 193

thoracic see thoracic spine

trigger points—57, 59

Yergason’s test of biceps—189, 190

spinous process—34

subscapularis—175

shoulder shrug (scapular elevation)—

central posteroanterior spring—113–14,

trigger points—160

177–8, 178

114

subscapularis tendon—143

subserous fascia—14

mandibular measurements—93, 93

subtalar eversion—415, 416

observation—83–4

passive—404–5, 405

overbite measurement—92, 93

subtalar inversion—413, 414, 415, 415

overjet measurement—92–3, 93

passive—404, 405

palpation—85–7

subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint—381, 383

anterior aspect—86–7

traction—408, 409

bony structures—85, 86

sulcus sign—188

posterior aspect—85–6

superficial fascia—14

soft-tissue structures—85–7

superficial reflexes—127

passive movement testing—93–4

superior iliac spine (anterior)

mobility testing—94, 94

palpation—104, 105, 296, 297

physiological movements—94

test for true leg length—331

referred pain patterns—83

superior nuchal line—40, 41

reflex testing—95, 95

superior tibiofibular joint—407, 408

resistive testing—94–5

supination

subjective examination—84

elbow—196, 198, 208, 211, 211

trigger points—87–8, 88, 89

forearm—219–20, 220

temporomandibular joint syndrome—85

supinator muscles—219, 220

tendinitis—5, 13

supinator syndrome (posterior interosseous

tendocalcaneus see Achilles tendon

nerve syndrome)—228, 229

tendon—13

supraclavicular lymph nodes—53, 55,

tendon sheath (peritendon)—13

147–8

tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)—202

supraclavicular nerve—184, 185

tennis elbow test—228–9, 230

supracondylar ridge—200, 201, 202, 203

tenosynovitis, hand and wrist—284, 285,

suprahyoid muscle—87, 88

285

suprascapular nerve—181

tensor fasciae latae—293, 313, 318, 323,

supraspinatus (empty can) test—191, 192

323, 364

supraspinatus muscle trigger points—157

trigger points—304

supraspinatus tendon—143, 144, 151

teres major—172, 172, 175

palpation—154–5, 156

teres minor—143, 176, 177

tests for impingement—190–1, 191

thenar crease—237

supraspinous ligament—101–2, 102

thenar eminence—239–40

suprasternal notch—51, 53, 146–7, 147

thigh girth measurement—344, 344

sustentaculum tali—385–6, 386

Thomas test—19, 327, 327–8

swallowing—93

Thompson test—423, 424

swan neck deformity—240

thoracic dermatomes—78

sway back deformity—27, 28

thoracic outlet—192

swing phase—438

thoracic outlet syndrome—55, 191, 193,

synergists—11

193

synovial joint—7, 9, 13

thoracic spine—23, 35, 37, 37–81

synovitis—14

active movement testing—57, 62

synovium—13–14

distraction test—79

Lhermitte’s sign—79, 79

T1 nerve root level—68

neurological examination—73, 77, 78

evaluation—73, 77

observation—37–8

T1 spinous process—43

palpation—45–56, 46, 47

T2–T12 nerve root level evaluation—78

anterior bony structures—49–54

talipes equinus deformity—441, 442, 443

anterior soft-tissue structures—54–6

talocalcaneal joint see subtalar joint

posterior bony structures—45–7

talocrural joint—408, 409

posterior soft-tissue structures—47–9