Exercise 2 Read and translate these words into Russian.

toѝacquitѝ—ѝacquittalѝ toѝdefendѝ—ѝdefendantѝ—ѝdefenderѝ—ѝdefenseѝ—ѝdefensiveѝ toѝprosecuteѝ—ѝprosecutionѝ—ѝprosecutorѝ toѝinvestigateѝ—ѝinvestigationѝ—ѝinvestigatorѝ—ѝinvestigativeѝ toѝsuspectѝ—ѝsuspicionѝ—ѝsuspiciousѝ—ѝsuspectѝ toѝprosecuteѝ—ѝprosecutionѝ—ѝprosecutorѝ toѝaccuseѝ—ѝaccusationѝ—ѝtheѝaccusedѝ—ѝaccusingѝ toѝtryѝ—ѝtrialѝ

Reading

Before you read, answer these questions.

1.ѝDoѝyouѝrememberѝwhatѝcivilѝlawѝis?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝareѝtheѝmainѝinstitutionsѝofѝcivilѝlaw?ѝ

Exercise 1 Read the text.

Civil law vs. Common law

Civilѝlawѝisѝprimarilyѝcontrastedѝagainstѝcommonѝlaw,ѝwhichѝisѝtheѝlegalѝ systemѝdevelopedѝamongѝAnglophoneѝpeople,ѝespeciallyѝinѝEngland.ѝ

Theѝoriginalѝdifferenceѝisѝthat,ѝhistorically,ѝcommonѝlawѝwasѝlawѝdevelopedѝbyѝcustom,ѝbeginningѝbeforeѝthereѝwereѝanyѝwrittenѝlawsѝandѝcontinuingѝ toѝ beѝ appliedѝ byѝ courtsѝ afterѝ thereѝ wereѝ writtenѝ laws,ѝ too,ѝ whereasѝcivilѝlawѝdevelopedѝoutѝofѝtheѝRomanѝlawѝofѝJustinian'sѝCorpusѝ JurisѝCivilisѝ(BodyѝofѝCivilѝLaw).ѝ

Inѝlaterѝtimes,ѝcivilѝlawѝbecameѝcodifiedѝasѝdroitѝcoutumierѝorѝcustomaryѝlawsѝthatѝwereѝlocalѝcompilationsѝofѝlegalѝprinciplesѝrecognizedѝasѝ normative.ѝ Sparkedѝbyѝ theѝ ageѝofѝEnlightenment,ѝ attemptsѝ toѝ codifyѝ privateѝlawѝbeganѝduringѝtheѝsecondѝhalfѝofѝtheѝ18thѝcentury,ѝbutѝcivilѝ codesѝwithѝaѝlastingѝinfluenceѝwereѝpromulgatedѝonlyѝafterѝtheѝFrenchѝ Revolutionѝ

Vocabulary

droitѝcoutumierѝѝ обычноеѝправоѝ ageѝofѝEnlightenmentѝ эпохаѝПросвещенияѝ

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Exercise 2 Find in the text the English equivalents for these word combinations.

противопоставлятьѝчему-либо;ѝразвиваться;ѝпервоначальнаяѝразница;ѝ писаныеѝзаконы;ѝприменятьсяѝсудами;ѝвѝтоѝвремяѝкака;ѝкодифицироватьѝправо;ѝпризнанныеѝвѝкачествеѝнорматива;ѝраспространятьсяѝ

Exercise 3 Complete these sentences.

1.ѝCivilѝlawѝisѝprimarilyѝcontrastedѝ________________.ѝ 2.ѝHistorically,ѝ_________________ѝwasѝlawѝdevelopedѝbyѝcustom.ѝ 3.ѝCivilѝlawѝdevelopedѝoutѝofѝtheѝ_________________.ѝ 4.ѝInѝlaterѝtimes,ѝcivilѝlawѝbecameѝ_______________ѝasѝcustomaryѝlaws.ѝ

5.ѝCustomaryѝlawsѝwereѝlocalѝcompilationsѝofѝ___________ѝrecognizedѝasѝѝ

ѝѝѝѝѝѝnormative.ѝѝ 6.ѝAttemptsѝtoѝcodifyѝprivatѝlawѝbeganѝ_______________________.ѝ 7.ѝCivilѝlawsѝwithѝaѝlastingѝinfluenceѝ__________________________.ѝ

Exercise 4 The table below contains essential disparities (and in some cases similarities) between the world's four major legal systems. Study the table and be ready to speak on the legal system of the RF, the USA and Great Britain in comparison.

MAJOR LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD

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Reading

Before you read, answer and debate the following questions.

1.Doѝcriminalѝjusticeѝandѝcriminalѝproceedingsѝdifferѝsignificantlyѝinѝ theѝUS,ѝUKѝandѝtheѝRussianѝFederation?ѝѝ

2.Whatѝisѝdifferentѝfromѝyourѝpointѝofѝview?ѝ

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Exercise 1 Read the text.

Criminal justice and criminal proceedings in the UK

Likeѝotherѝsocieties,ѝtheѝUKѝhasѝaѝcriminalѝjusticeѝsystemѝtoѝenforceѝtheѝ lawsѝprotectingѝindividualsѝandѝtheѝentireѝsociety.ѝTheѝsystemѝoperatesѝ byѝ identifying,ѝ apprehending,ѝ prosecuting,ѝ convictingѝ andѝ sentencingѝ peopleѝwhoѝviolateѝtheѝlawsѝofѝtheѝnationѝandѝofѝitsѝvariousѝstates.ѝ

Prosecutionѝ

Theѝpoliceѝinvestigateѝaѝcrimeѝandѝmayѝapprehendѝsuspectsѝandѝdetainѝ themѝinѝcustody.ѝIfѝtheѝpoliceѝdecideѝanѝoffenderѝshouldѝbeѝprosecuted,ѝ aѝfileѝonѝtheѝcaseѝisѝsentѝtoѝtheѝCrownѝProsecutionѝServiceѝ(CPS)ѝ—ѝtheѝ nationalѝprosecutionѝserviceѝforѝEnglandѝandѝWales.ѝѝ

Criminalѝproceedingsѝcanѝbeѝinitiatedѝeitherѝbyѝtheѝservingѝofѝaѝsummonsѝsettingѝoutѝtheѝoffenceѝandѝrequiringѝtheѝaccusedѝtoѝattendѝcourt,ѝ or,ѝinѝmoreѝseriousѝcases,ѝbyѝaѝwarrantѝofѝarrestѝissuedѝbyѝaѝMagistrates»ѝ Court.ѝLawyersѝfromѝtheѝCPSѝmayѝactѝasѝpublicѝprosecutors.ѝѝ

Categoriesѝofѝcriminalѝoffenceѝ

«Thereѝareѝthreeѝcategoriesѝofѝcriminalѝoffence.ѝSummaryѝoffences,ѝtriedѝ withoutѝaѝjury,ѝareѝminorѝcrimesѝonlyѝtriableѝinѝtheѝMagistrates»ѝCourt.ѝ

Indictableѝ(notifiable)ѝoffencesѝareѝseriousѝcrimes,ѝsuchѝasѝmurder,ѝwhichѝ canѝonlyѝbeѝheardѝinѝtheѝCrownѝCourt.ѝTheѝformalѝdocumentѝcontainingѝ theѝallegedѝoffences,ѝsupportedѝbyѝfacts,ѝisѝcalledѝtheѝindictment.ѝ

Suchѝcasesѝasѝtheftѝorѝburglaryѝareѝtriableѝeitherѝway.ѝ

Ifѝtheѝdefendantѝpleadsѝguilty,ѝtheѝMagistrates»ѝCourtѝcanѝeitherѝproceedѝtoѝsentenceѝorѝcommitѝtoѝtheѝCrownѝCourtѝforѝsentence,ѝwhereѝ moreѝsevereѝpenaltiesѝareѝavailable.ѝIfѝthereѝisѝaѝnotѝguiltyѝplea,ѝtheѝpersonѝchargedѝmayѝrequestѝaѝtrialѝbyѝjury.ѝSuchѝcasesѝareѝheardѝinѝtheѝ CrownѝCourt.ѝ

Exercise 2 Find in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

общество;ѝзадержать;ѝпреследоватьѝвѝсудебномѝпорядке;ѝпризнатьѝ виновным,ѝвынестиѝприговор;ѝсодержатьѝподѝстражей;ѝматериалыѝ дела;ѝпрокуратураѝВеликобритании;ѝвыписатьѝповесткуѝвѝсуд;ѝуказатьѝправонарушение;ѝвыдатьѝордерѝнаѝарест/ѝвыписатьѝповестку;ѝ государственныйѝобвинитель;ѝпризнатьѝвину;ѝстрогоеѝнаказаниеѝ

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Exercise 3 Match these terms with their definitions.

1.ѝaѝsummonsѝ a)ѝaѝcourtѝdocumentѝauthorizingѝtheѝpoliceѝtoѝdetainѝ

5.ѝtheѝindict-ѝ e)ѝseriousѝoffencesѝ triedѝ publiclyѝwithѝformalѝ proce-

ѝѝѝѝmentѝ dureѝ

6.ѝaѝguiltyѝpleaѝ f)ѝoffencesѝtheѝcanѝbeѝtriedѝimmediatelyѝwithoutѝfor-

Exercise 4 Insert appropriate prepositions where necessary.

1.Theѝdefendantѝisѝchargedѝ___ѝanѝoffenseѝasѝaѝresultѝ___ѝaѝformalѝ complaintѝissuedѝ___ѝaѝlawѝenforcementѝagentѝorѝaѝcitizenѝwhoѝbelievesѝanѝoffenseѝhasѝbeenѝcommittedѝ___ѝtheirѝpersonѝorѝproperty.ѝ

2.Arrestsѝcanѝoccurѝ___ѝtheѝsceneѝ___ѝaѝcrimeѝorѝbasedѝ___ѝwarrantsѝ orѝswornѝstatementsѝorderingѝaѝcourtѝappearance.ѝ

3.Criminalѝ proceedingsѝ canѝ alsoѝ beѝ initiatedѝ ___ѝ theѝ servingѝ ___ѝ aѝ summonsѝorѝnoticeѝѝ

1.settingѝoutѝtheѝoffenceѝandѝrequiringѝtheѝaccusedѝtoѝattendѝ___ѝcourt.ѝ

4.Summaryѝoffences,ѝtriedѝ___ѝaѝjury,ѝareѝminorѝcrimesѝonlyѝtriableѝ

___ѝtheѝMagistrates»ѝCourt.ѝ

5.Indictableѝoffencesѝcanѝonlyѝbeѝheardѝ___ѝtheѝCrownѝCourtѝ

6.Lawyersѝ ___ѝ theѝ Crownѝ Prosecutionѝ Serviceѝ mayѝ actѝ ___ѝ publicѝ prosecutors.ѝѝ

Exercise 5 Answer the following questions.

1.ѝHowѝareѝcriminalѝproceedingsѝinitiated?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝisѝtheѝnationalѝprosecutionѝserviceѝforѝEnglandѝandѝWales?ѝ 3.ѝWhatѝinformationѝdoesѝaѝsummonsѝsetsѝout?ѝ 4.ѝWhichѝareѝtheѝthreeѝcategoriesѝofѝcriminalѝoffence?ѝ 5.ѝWhereѝisѝtheѝcaseѝtoѝbeѝtried,ѝifѝtheѝdefendantѝpleadsѝguilty?ѝ

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