4.ѝTheѝpoliceѝsayѝthatѝ50%ѝofѝseriousѝcrimesѝareѝdrugѝ—ѝrelated.ѝ 5.ѝItѝisѝveryѝdifficultѝtoѝgetѝaѝjobѝifѝyouѝhaveѝaѝcriminalѝrecord.ѝ 6.ѝVotersѝareѝincreasinglyѝconcernedѝaboutѝtheѝlevelѝofѝcrime.ѝ 7.ѝTheѝpoliceѝdescribedѝhimѝasѝaѝviolentѝandѝdangerousѝcriminal.ѝ

Exercise 2 Translate these words into Russian.

1.toѝpartѝ—ѝpartѝ—ѝtoѝparticipateѝ—ѝparticipantѝ—ѝparticipatingѝ(coun- tries)ѝ—ѝparticipationѝ

2.toѝcoordinateѝ—ѝcoordinationѝ—ѝcoordinatorѝ—ѝcoordinatingѝ(com- mittee)ѝ

3.toѝinstructѝ—ѝinstructorѝ—ѝinstructionѝ—ѝinstructiveѝ

4.toѝdesignѝ—ѝdesignѝ—ѝdesignerѝ

5.toѝrespondѝ—ѝresponseѝ—ѝresponsibleѝ—ѝresponsibilityѝ

Exercise 3 Insert appropriate infinitive forms.

Theѝbraveѝoldѝladyѝandѝtheѝhopelessѝcrookѝ

Mrs.ѝJohns,ѝaѝ75-year-oldѝwidow,ѝwokeѝupѝwithѝaѝstart.ѝPeeringѝintoѝtheѝ darkness,ѝsheѝwasѝastonishedѝ(see)ѝ_________ѝaѝmanѝinѝherѝroom.ѝItѝ wasѝ easyѝ (see)ѝ ______ѝ heѝ wasѝ aѝ burglar.ѝ Atѝ first,ѝ sheѝ wasѝ tooѝ afraidѝ (move)ѝ_______.ѝThenѝsheѝpluckedѝupѝherѝcourageѝandѝsaid,ѝ«Weѝmustѝ talkѝ aboutѝ thisѝ overѝ aѝ cupѝ ofѝ tea.ѝ Wouldѝ youѝ beѝ soѝ kindѝ (helpѝ me)ѝ

________ѝdownstairs?»ѝToѝherѝsurprise,ѝtheѝmanѝmeeklyѝobeyed.ѝHeѝ wasѝeagerѝ(help)ѝ________ѝandѝanxiousѝ(please)ѝ_______ѝtheѝoldѝlady.ѝ Heѝpreparedѝtheѝteaѝandѝsaidѝheѝwasѝsorryѝ(haveѝdisturbed)ѝ_____ѝher.ѝ Heѝwasѝtooѝfrightenedѝ(runѝaway)ѝ_______.ѝAfterѝaѝcupѝofѝtea,ѝheѝsaidѝ heѝwouldѝbeѝgladѝ(give)ѝ____________ѝMrs.ѝJohnsѝhisѝnameѝandѝad- dressѝandѝleftѝempty-handed.ѝOfѝcourse,ѝMrs.ѝJohnsѝinformedѝtheѝpo- lice,ѝwhoѝcommendedѝherѝforѝherѝbravery.ѝLater,ѝduringѝtheѝtrial,ѝtheѝ judgeѝsaidѝitѝwasѝhisѝdutyѝ(send)ѝ________ѝtheѝmanѝtoѝprison,ѝdescribingѝ himѝasѝtheѝmostѝincompetentѝburglarѝheѝhadѝeverѝmet!ѝ

crookѝ—ѝжуликѝѝ meeklyѝ—ѝсмиренно,ѝкроткоѝ

Reading

Before you read, answer these questions.

1.ѝDoѝyouѝknowѝhowѝcrimesѝareѝclassified?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝtypesѝofѝcrimesѝdoѝyouѝknow?ѝ

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Exercise 1 Read the text.

Types of crimes

Itѝisѝpossibleѝtoѝdivideѝcrimesѝintoѝvariousѝcategories.ѝ

Aѝlegalѝdivisionѝcanѝbeѝmadeѝinѝwhichѝsomeѝcrimesѝareѝlabeledѝasѝfeloniesѝ(thoseѝpunishableѝbyѝdeathѝorѝmoreѝthanѝaѝyearѝofѝincarceration)ѝ andѝothersѝasѝmisdemeanorsѝ(forѝwhichѝaѝlesserѝsanctionѝisѝimposed).ѝ

Criminologistsѝhaveѝdevelopedѝanotherѝschemeѝthatѝcategorizesѝcrimesѝ accordingѝtoѝtheѝnatureѝofѝtheѝbehaviorѝandѝtheѝtypeѝofѝpersonѝmostѝ likelyѝtoѝcommitѝspecificѝoffenses.ѝThisѝschemeѝdistinguishesѝfiveѝcategoriesѝofѝcrime:ѝoccupational,ѝorganized,ѝvisible,ѝcrimesѝwithoutѝvictims,ѝandѝpolitical.ѝEachѝtypeѝhasѝitsѝownѝlevelѝofѝriskѝandѝprofitability,ѝ eachѝarousesѝvaryingѝdegreesѝofѝpublicѝdisapproval,ѝandѝeachѝhasѝitsѝownѝ groupѝofѝoffendersѝwithѝdifferingѝculturalѝcharacteristics.ѝ

Occupationalѝcrimeѝisѝtheѝviolationѝofѝtheѝlawѝcommittedѝthroughѝopportunitiesѝcreatedѝinѝtheѝcourseѝofѝaѝlegalѝbusinessѝorѝprofession.ѝTheyѝincludeѝ threeѝcategories:ѝ

1.ѝCrimesѝforѝtheѝbenefitѝofѝemployingѝorganization,ѝsuchѝasѝprice-fixing,ѝ theftѝofѝtradeѝsecrets,ѝandѝfalsificationsѝofѝproductѝtests.ѝ

2.ѝCrimesѝthroughѝtheѝexerciseѝofѝstate-basedѝauthorityѝinѝwhichѝtheѝof- fenderѝhasѝtheѝlegalѝauthorityѝtoѝenforceѝlawsѝorѝtoѝcommandѝothers,ѝsuchѝasѝ bribery,ѝcorruption,ѝfalsifyingѝdocuments.ѝ

3.ѝ Crimesѝ committedѝ byѝ professionalsѝ inѝ theirѝ capacityѝ asѝ professionals.ѝ Physicians,ѝlawyers,ѝandѝstockbrokersѝmightѝviolateѝtheirѝprofessionalѝoathsѝ orѝtakeѝadvantageѝofѝpatientsѝby,ѝforѝinstance,ѝsexuallyѝexploitingѝaѝpatient,ѝ orѝusingѝconfidentialѝinformationѝforѝpersonalѝgain.ѝ

Visibleѝcrimes,ѝoftenѝreferredѝtoѝasѝ«streetѝcrimes»ѝorѝ«ordinaryѝcrimes»ѝareѝ committedѝprimarilyѝbyѝtheѝlowerѝclasses.ѝForѝoffenders,ѝtheseѝcrimesѝareѝtheѝ leastѝprofitableѝand,ѝbecauseѝtheyѝareѝvisible,ѝtheѝleastѝprotectedѝviolations.ѝ Includedѝareѝcrimesѝofѝviolence,ѝsuchѝasѝhomicide,ѝrape,ѝandѝassault,ѝasѝwellѝ asѝcrimesѝagainstѝproperty,ѝsuchѝasѝtheft,ѝlarceny,ѝandѝburglary.ѝ

Politicalѝcrimeѝincludesѝactivities,ѝsuchѝasѝtreason,ѝseditionѝ(rebellion),ѝ andѝespionage,ѝthatѝareѝviewedѝasѝthreatsѝtoѝtheѝgovernment.ѝ

Crimesѝwithoutѝvictimsѝcanѝbeѝdefinedѝasѝoffensesѝinvolvingѝaѝwillingѝandѝ privateѝexchangeѝofѝgoodsѝorѝservicesѝthatѝareѝinѝhighѝdemandѝbutѝareѝ illegal.ѝTheseѝareѝoffensesѝagainstѝmorality,ѝsuchѝasѝprostitution,ѝgambling,ѝobscenity,ѝandѝdrugѝuseѝandѝsales.ѝTheseѝcrimesѝareѝvictimless,ѝ sinceѝtheѝparticipantsѝdoѝnotѝfeelѝthatѝtheyѝareѝbeingѝharmed.ѝ

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Vocabulary

Exercise 2 Insert appropriate prepositions.

1.Criminologistsѝcategorizeѝcrimesѝaccordingѝ___ѝtheѝnatureѝ___ѝtheѝ behaviorѝandѝtheѝtypeѝ___ѝperson.ѝ

2.Occupationalѝcrimeѝisѝtheѝviolationѝ___ѝtheѝlawѝcommittedѝ___ѝopportunitiesѝcreatedѝ___ѝtheѝcourseѝ___ѝaѝlegalѝbusinessѝorѝprofession.ѝ

3.Someѝoccupationalѝcrimesѝareѝcommittedѝ___ѝtheѝexerciseѝ___ѝstatebasedѝauthority.ѝ

4.Professionalsѝ___ѝtheirѝcapacityѝ___ѝprofessionalsѝmightѝtakeѝadvantageѝ___ѝpatients.ѝ

5.Streetѝcrimesѝincludeѝcrimesѝ___ѝviolence,ѝsuchѝ___ѝhomicide,ѝrape,ѝ assault,ѝandѝcrimesѝ___ѝproperty.ѝ

6.Crimesѝ___ѝvictimsѝareѝoffensesѝ___ѝmorality.ѝ

7.Politicalѝcrimesѝareѝviewedѝ___ѝthreatsѝ___ѝtheѝgovernment.ѝ

Exercise 3 Complete these sentences.

1.ѝFeloniesѝareѝtheѝcrimesѝ___________________.ѝ 2.ѝMisdemeanorsѝareѝtheѝoffensesѝ________________________.ѝ 3.ѝOccupationalѝcrimeѝisѝ_______________________________.ѝ 4.ѝVisibleѝcrimesѝareѝ______________________________.ѝ 5.ѝPoliticalѝcrimeѝincludesѝ__________________________________.ѝ 6.ѝCrimesѝwithoutѝvictimsѝcanѝbeѝdefinedѝasѝ_________________.ѝ

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Exercise 4 Answer the following questions.

1.ѝHowѝdoѝlawyersѝclassifyѝcrimes?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝschemeѝwasѝdevelopedѝbyѝcriminologists?ѝWhatѝisѝitѝbasedѝon?ѝ 3.ѝHowѝmanyѝcategoriesѝofѝcrimeѝdoesѝtheirѝschemeѝdistinguish?ѝ 4.ѝWhatѝisѝoccupationalѝcrime?ѝ 5.ѝWhichѝthreeѝcategoriesѝdoesѝoccupationalѝcrimeѝinclude?ѝ 6.ѝHowѝcanѝyouѝcharacterizeѝstreetѝcrimes?ѝ 7.ѝWhatѝactivitiesѝdoesѝpoliticalѝcrimeѝinclude?ѝѝ 8.ѝWhyѝareѝsomeѝtypesѝofѝcrimesѝcalledѝvictimless?ѝ

Exercise 5 Study the patterns and translate the sentences below into Russian.

1.Theѝnumberѝofѝunemployedѝhasѝincreasedѝgreatly.ѝ

2.Theѝnumberѝofѝcrimesѝincreasedѝbyѝ20%ѝlastѝyear.ѝ

3.Whatѝnumberѝhasѝtheѝpopulationѝofѝtheѝcountryѝincreasedѝto?ѝ

4.Theѝdepartmentѝdecreasedѝtheirѝexpensesѝtoѝtheѝminimum.ѝ

5.Crimeѝsolutionѝrateѝincreasedѝbyѝ25%.ѝ

Exercise 6 Translate into English. Use the pattern from exercise 5.

1.Числоѝпреступленийѝвозрослоѝнаѝ5%ѝзаѝпятьѝлет.ѝ

2.Количествоѝполицейскихѝсократилосьѝнаѝ1%.ѝ

3.Расходыѝвозрослиѝнаѝоднуѝтреть.ѝ

4.Количествоѝтюремѝзаѝпоследнийѝгодѝсократилосьѝнаѝ23%.ѝ

5.Числоѝсамыхѝраспространенныхѝвидовѝпреступленийѝсократилосьѝдоѝ5.ѝ

6.Числоѝкиберпреступниковѝзаѝпоследнийѝгодѝвырослоѝнаѝ30%.ѝ

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Exercise 7 Study these crime figures. Say the sentences in another way using synonymous constructions.

LatestѝcrimeѝfiguresѝforѝLondonѝ

TNOsѝ(TotalѝNotifiableѝOffences)ѝareѝatѝtheirѝsecondѝlowestѝlevelѝforѝ aѝtwelveѝmonthѝperiodѝsinceѝ1998/99ѝ

Robberiesѝhaveѝdroppedѝbyѝoverѝ3,000ѝoffencesѝ[8.4%]ѝ

Thereѝwereѝ21ѝfewerѝhomicideѝvictimsѝinѝtheѝ12ѝmonthsѝtoѝMayѝ2009ѝ comparedѝtoѝtheѝprecedingѝyearѝ

Knifeѝcrimeѝisѝdownѝbyѝ1,478ѝoffencesѝ[10.7%]ѝѝ

Rapeѝisѝupѝbyѝ8.1%ѝcomparedѝtoѝlastѝyearѝbutѝremainsѝatѝaѝsimilarѝ levelѝtoѝyearsѝpriorѝtoѝ2007/08.ѝ

Over to you

Do you know the crime figures for Russia? Write a report on the topic. If necessary, use the data from the media.

Grammar revision

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into Russian.

1.Theѝwomanѝsaidѝthatѝsheѝhadѝseenѝtheѝburglars.ѝ

2.Sheѝaddedѝthatѝoneѝofѝthemѝwasѝwearingѝglasses.ѝ

3.Weѝknewѝthatѝthisѝmanѝhadѝbeenѝdetainedѝaѝfewѝdaysѝbefore.ѝ

4.Theyѝhopedѝtheѝthiefѝwouldѝbeѝidentified.ѝ

5.Iѝaskedѝhimѝhowѝoldѝtheѝsuspectѝwas.ѝ

6.Theѝjudgeѝwantedѝtoѝknowѝwhyѝtheѝrobberѝhadѝnotѝheardѝtheѝnoise.ѝ

7.Heѝdoubtedѝthatѝtheѝconstableѝwasѝtellingѝtheѝtruth.ѝ

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences into English.

1.Яѝнеѝзнал,ѝбылѝлиѝонѝнаѝместеѝпреступленияѝвѝтотѝдень.ѝ

2.Яѝспросил,ѝбудетѝлиѝонѝзанятѝвѝсреду.ѝ

3.Онѝответил,ѝчтоѝнеѝзнаетѝэтогоѝмолодогоѝчеловека.ѝ

4.Инспекторѝсказал,ѝчтоѝонѝнеѝговоритѝпо-немецки.ѝ

5.Яѝхотелѝузнать,ѝкогдаѝначнетсяѝследствие.ѝ

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