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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования «Томский государственный педагогический университет»

А. С. Пташкин

ЛИНГВОСТРАНОВЕДЕНИЕ И СТРАНОВЕДЕНИЕ.

ИСТОРИЯ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ: XVIII ВЕК

Учебно-методическое пособие

Томск

2014

Л59 Лингвострановедение и страноведение. История Великобритании: XVIII век : учебно-методическое пособие / авт.-сост. А. С. Пташкин. Томск : Изд-во Том. гос. пед. ун-та, 2014. 68 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов факультета иностранных языков педагогических вузов, обучающихся по направлению 050100.62 «Педагогическое образование».

ББК 81.432.1 : 26.89-923

Рецензент:

канд. филол. наук, профессор ТГПУ

Л. А. Петроченко

©А. С. Пташкин, составление, 2014;

©Томский государственный педагогический университет, 2014.

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов факультета иностранных языков педагогических вузов, обучающихся по направлению «050100.62 Педагогическое образование».

Пособие состоит из двух частей: History of England in 18th century (история Великобритании в 18 веке) и Test in English History (тестовое задание для самопроверки) с кратким глоссарием по истории Англии в 18 веке.

Первая часть содержит 18 глав, представляющие основные этапы английской истории XVIII века. Каждая глава содержит информацию о важнейших культурно-исторических событиях, именах важнейших исторических личностей рассматриваемого периода. Первая часть учебно-методического пособия служит средством повышения общей мотивации студентов, нацелена на развитие у них познавательной деятельности, воображения, самодисциплины, на изучение основных этапов истории страны изучаемого языка.

Вторая часть пособия включает в себя тест по истории Англии и ответы к нему; она дает возможность студентам проверить свои знания. Кроме того, во вторую часть пособия включен краткий словарь основных терминов по истории Англии XVIII века.

В пособии представлены примерные задания и вопросы для самостоятельной работы студентов, примерная тематика рефератов и примерный список вопросов к экзамену по дисциплине «Лингвострановедение и страноведение».

Материалы, представленные в пособии, способствуют увеличению объема фоновых знаний, и могут быть использованы в будущем в процессе педагогической практики.

Пособие может быть использовано как для работы в аудитории, так и для самостоятельной работы. Оно может быть также рекомендовано широкому кругу лиц, изучающих английский язык.

Пособие было апробировано в течение нескольких лет на I курсе очного и заочного отделения факультета иностранных языков Томского государственного педагогического университета, продемонстрировало практическую ценность и получило положительную оценку преподавателей.

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LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL WORK

1.Климатические условия, погода.

2.Заповедники, национальные и региональные парки Великобритании.

3.Праздники англичан.

4.Музыка в Англии.

5.Музеи Лондона.

6.Языки Англии.

7.Монархия в Англии.

8.Спорт в Англии в XVIII в.

9.Религиозные верования англичан в XVIII в.

10.Искусство Англии XVIII в.

11.Города Англии XVIII в.

12.Изобретения XVIII в.

LIST OF REPORT THEMES

1.Английские художники XVIII в.

2.Английские праздники.

3.Шотландия.

4.Уэльс.

5.Северная Ирландия.

6.Английский язык в XVIII в.

7.Архитектура Англии XVIII в.

8.Музыка в Англии.

9.Оксфорд и Кембридж.

10.Искусство Англии XVIII в.

11.Генри Филдинг.

12.Сэмуэл Джонсон.

13.Роберт Бёрнс.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS LIST

1.Цели и задачи курса «Лингвострановедение и страноведение».

2.Географическое положение. Состав территории. Горы, реки, озера, моря. Климат.

3.Население и языки Британских островов. Герб, флаг, гимн Соединенного королевства.

4.Периодизация истории Англии.

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5.Доисторический период истории Англии. Заселение Англии древними племенами.

6.Доисторический период истории Англии. Заселение Англии кельтами. Изменение структуры общества.

7.Экспедиции Ю. Цезаря. Римское завоевание Британии.

8.Англосаксонское завоевание Британии. Изменение структуры общества. Литература и культура англосаксонской Англии. Христианизация Англии.

9.Датские нашествия.

10.Нормандское завоевание Англии. Норманнские короли на английском престоле.

11.Англия 14 века. Столетняя война. Восстание крестьян. Литература и культура Англии 14 века.

12.Англия 15 века. Результаты Столетней войны. Войны Роз. Восшествие династии Тюдоров.

13.Англия 16 века. Реформы Генриха VII и Генриха VIII.

14.Англия 16 века. Правление Эдуарда VI, Леди Джейн Грей, Марии I.

15.Англия 16 века. Елизаветинская эпоха. Литература и культура тюдоровской Англии.

16.Англия 17 века. Династия Стюартов. Гражданские войны 1640-х гг. Буржуазная республика.

17.Англия 17 века. Реставрация монархии. «Славная революция».

Литература и культура Англии 17 века.

18.Англия 18 века. Анна, Королева Великобритании. Династия Гановеров. Георг I.

19.Англия 18 века. Георг II. Семилетняя война.

20.Англия 18 века. Георг III. Война за независимость в Северной Америке.

21.Англия 18 века. Англия морская держава. Торговля. Рост населения.

22.Англия 18 века. Сельскохозяйственная и промышленная революции.

23.Англия 18 века. Религия. Искусство и наука. Образование.

24.Англия 18 века. Медицина. Транспорт. Досуг англичан.

EXAMINATION CARD SAMPLE

Билет №1

1.Англия XVIII в.

2.Анна Стюарт.

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ENGLISH HISTORY

§ 1. Anne, Queen of Great Britain (1665–1714).

Anne was born in 1665, James II and Anne Hyde’s second daughter. Anne married George, Prince of Denmark. They had no heir.

In 1685, Anne’s father James became king. He was overthrown in 1688 and Anne’s sister Mary, and her Dutch husband William, took the throne. Anne became their heir and with the death of Mary (1694) and then William, with no children, in 1702 Anne was queen. Within months, the War of the Spanish Succession began. A series of military victories by John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, including the Battle of Blenheim strengthened England’s negotiating position at the end of the war. Under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, France recognised Anne’s title over that of James II’s Roman Catholic son, James Stuart and confirmed England’s possession of Gibraltar.

The last years of the 17th century had seen differing policies pursued by parliaments in England and Scotland which included disagreements over the succession. The solution seemed to be unification and so on 1 May 1707 England and Scotland were combined into a single kingdom, and Anne became the first sovereign of Great Britain. One British parliament would meet at Westminster, and there would be a common flag and coinage but Scotland would keep its own established Church and its systems of law and education.

Politically, Anne’s reign was marked by the development of the two party system, with Whigs and Tories competing for power. Anne hoped to rule through mixed ministries, but in 1708 the Whigs became dominant. In 1710 there was a major shift to the Tories, which lasted until her death. Anne allowed herself to be heavily influenced by her ministers and her favourites, particularly her friend Sarah Churchill, wife of the duke of Marlborough.

Most historians presented Anne as weak, indecisive monarch. The historian Gregg sees Queen Anne as more important and attempts to give a balanced portrayal of her public and private life. Gregg believes that Queen Anne was a strong, careful and calculating monarch, was driven by ambition and resolve, and who asserted her authority without trampling on parliamentary authority. He also portrays Anne pursuing a course of political moderation. She is not someone dominated by changes in the strengths

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of different political parties. Rather, a monarch not controlled by either party who had ministers from both parties and changed them in order to pursue politics of which she approved.

Anne died on 1 August 1714. Her only surviving son William had died in 1700, prompting parliament to pass the Act of Settlement (1701) to ensure a Protestant succession. Anne was therefore succeeded by the German Protestant prince George, Elector of Hanover.

§ 2. House of Hanover.

In 1714, George, Elector of Hanover, became king in accordance with the Act of Settlement, 1702. The act stipulated that, after the death of the childless Queen Anne (the last legitimate Stuart monarch) the British monarchy should be Protestant and Hanoverian.

The Hanoverian era continued through four successive Georges and ended with the last representative of the line, William IV, who died in 1837.

The coming of the Hanoverians to the British throne was not unanimously welcomed. George I spoke no English and was as much concerned, if not more so, with fostering the interests of Hanover as with giving full attention to his role and duties in Britain.

The major opposition to the Hanoverians came from the Jacobites, who supported the restoration of the Stuarts to the throne.

Two main Jacobite rebellions occurred, the first in 1715, the second in 1745. Both were marked by poor military organisation, lacklustre leadership and exaggerated hopes of support.

Despite some Jacobite successes in battle, the rebellions were ruthlessly crushed by the British army.

The Battle of Culloden, in March 1746 – the last battle fought on British soil – marked the final blow to the Jacobites’ hopes as the duke of Cumberland led the government forces to a decisive victory.

George was active in British foreign policy in the early years of his reign. His shrewd diplomatic judgment enabled him to help forge an anti-Spanish alliance with France in 1717–1718.

George had no interest of the English language and customs, this fact made cabinet positions extremely important. George was frequently absent, and it was important to create the post of Prime Minister, he was considered to be the majority leader in the House of Commons, and he acted in the king’s position. He had a domination position of the Prime Minister for

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the next 20 years. He made an important step in the formation of a modern constitutional monarchy in England.

The king remained unpopular in England throughout his life, partly because of his inability to speak English but also because of the perceived greed of his mistresses and rumours concerning his treatment of his wife.

George died on 11 June 1727 during a visit to Hanover and was succeeded by his son.

§ 3. George II (1727–1760).

George II was the only son of George I and his unfaithful wife Sophia. His youth was spent in Germany, and he married Caroline, whom he deeply loved; they had three sons and five daughters, and participated in governmental and political affairs. George II was like his farther, German prince, but when George II ascended the throne he was young enough to understand the English culture that escaped his father.

In 1714, George’s father succeeded to the British throne, and created George prince of Wales. The relationship between father and son was already poor and the prince’s London residence, Leicester House, became a rival court and focus for a dissident Whig group which included Robert Walpole. He encouraged a reconciliation between father and son. This led to Walpole’s inclusion in George I’s administration, whereupon he lost the prince’s favour. Only Caroline’s intervention kept Walpole in office when the prince succeeded to the throne in 1727. He cemented his position by securing George a Civil List (allowance) from parliament of £800,000, considerably more than previous monarchs had received. Walpole also won acknowledgement of George’s legitimacy from many influential Tories who supported the exiled Stuart pretender to the English throne. As a result, no senior politician deserted George’s cause during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745. Charles Edward Stuart, the ‘Young Pretender’ landed in Scotland but, after some initial success, was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.

George seemed destined to imitate his father, quarrelling with his son Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, who in turn became a leader of an antiadministration faction. War broke out with Spain in 1739. In 1742 Walpole, who had dominated government since 1721, resigned. George quickly found another mentor in John Carteret who, with George, brought England into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), prompting accusations that he was subordinating English interests to those of George’s

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German possessions. In 1743, George led his troops into battle against the French at Dettingen.

During his reign British forced waged a third and inconclusive battle with the French for domination of the North American continent. It was the American phase in the War of the Austrian Succession, known as King George’s War in America. The war, which lasted from 1744–1748, began over boundary disputes between the French and English concerning Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia) and northern New England. Significantly, King George’s War was also fought to determine which power would hold control over the Ohio Valley.

Historians argue that King George II had three interests: the army, music, his wife. George was a courageous soldier and he was the last British king to be with his troops in the field. Caroline revived traditional court life and was a real supporter of Robert Walpole.

Walpole tried to keep George away from continental conflicts for the first twelve years of the ruling, but King George declared war on Spain in 1739. The Spanish war was considered to be a component of the War of Austrian Succession. England struggled against French dominance and influence in Europe.

During the last decade of his life George took little interest in politics. Britain’s involvement in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) was largely overseen by William Pitt the Elder. This period also saw the expansion of British influence in India and Canada with the military successes of Robert Clive and James Wolfe respectively.

§ 4. Seven Years’ War (1756–1763).

In the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), Britain clashed with France, later allied with Spain, for dominance in North America and India, and supported Prussia in the European campaigns against Austria and Russia.

The causes of the Seven Years’ War are rooted in the outcome of an earlier conflict, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). As a result, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, this document brought this war to an end, had done nothing to assuage the anger of Austria over the loss to Prussia of the wealthy province of Silensia. Nor had it been able to contain the conflicting colonial ambitions of France and Britain, which provoked continued skirmishing well beyond the official cessation of hostilities.

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