Lingvostranovedenie_18_vek (1)

and from the conflict in Germany between Prussia and Austria. The British and Prussian side won.

Jacobite Rebellion, the – 1. The unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1715 led by James Francis Edward Stuart. 2. The last Jacobite rising (1745–1746) led by Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, which after initial successes was crushed at Culloden.

Young Pretender, the Bonnie Prince Charlie (1720–1788) – A nickname of Charles Edward Stuart, who claimed the right to be the king; was crushed at Culloden in 1746.

George III Patriot King (r. 1760–1820) – King of Great Britain and Ireland; the grandson of King George II; was very interested in the government of Britain; worked closely with prime ministers (Lord North, William Pitt); was strongly opposed to American independence; was blamed for losing the war of the American Revolution; suffered from illness for some periods of his life and in 1811 he became so ill that his son was made Prince Regnant.

Pitt, William, the Younger (1759–1806) – The youngest man (at the age of 24) ever to become Prime Minister of Britain (1783–1801, 1804– 1806). His achievements are: removing much of the corruption from British politics, improving the financial position of the country; introduced income tax, was responsible for the Act of Union (1800).

Act of Union, the (1800) – Ireland became part of the United Kingdom.

Boston Tea Party, the (1773) – A raid in 1773 made by citizens of Boston (disguised as Indians) on three British ships in the harbour as a protest against taxes on teaa and the monopoly given to the East India Company. The contents of several hundred chests of tea were dumped into the harbour.

American Revolution (War of American Independence), the (1775–1783) – The conflict following the revolt of the North American colonies against British rule, particularly on the issue of taxation. Hostilities began in 1775 when British and American forces clashed at Lexington and concord. Articles of Confederation agreed in the Continental Congress in 1777 provided for a confederacy to be known as the United States of America. The war effectively ended with the surrender of the British at Yorktown in 1781 and peace was signed at Paris in Pet. 1783.

Washington, George (1732–1799, US President 1789–1797) – The first US President who had led its army to success in the American Revolution. He is called “the Father of His Country.”

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Declaration of Independence, the (1776) – The proclamation made by the second American Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which asserted the freedom and independence of the 13 Colonies from Great Britain.

Nelsen, Horatio, Lord (1758–1805) – An English admiral who became famous for winning a number of sea-battles against the French in 1790s. These victories strengthened Britain military power at sea, and prevented Napoleon’s forces attacking Britain.

Battle of Trafalgar; the (1805) – The decisive naval battle (1805) in which the French and spanish fleets were defeated by the British under Nelson, who was mortally wounded.

Industrial Revolution – The transformation in XVIII and XIX cc. of first Britain and then other W European countries and the US into industrial natiuons.

Defoe, Daniel (? 1660–1713) – An English writer famous for his political satire: Robinson Crusoe (1719), Moll Flanders (1722), A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), Roxana (1724), Weekly Review (1704–1713).

Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745) – An Anglo-Irish satirist and clergyman. A tale of a Tub (1704), Gulliver’s Travels (1726).

Pope, Alexander (1688–1744) – An English satirist: The rape of the Lock (1714), the translation of Illiad (1715–1720), The Dunciad (1728).

Richardson, Samuel (1689–1761) – A novelist, a founder of sentimentalism in English Literature: Pamela (1740), Clarissa (1747).

Fielding, Henry (1707–1754) – A representative of the realistic movement, started his career with comedies and farces, created his own theatre. Joseph Andrews (1742) – a parody to Pamela by S. Richardson, Tom Jones (1749).

Smolette, Tobias (1721–1771) – A Scottish novelist and satirist: Peregrine Pickle (1751), Humphry Clinker (1770), influenced the creativity of Ch. Dickens.

Johnson, Samuel (1709–1784) – An English lexicographer and a critic. The works are: Dictionary (1755), his edition of Shakespeare (1765), Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets (1779–1781).

Burns, Robert (1759–1796) – A Scottish romantic poet: to a Mouse; A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne. On the 25th of January “Burns’ Night” is celebrated in Scotland.

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