Lingvostranovedenie_18_vek (1)

Then in 1759 a man named John Jeffries invented an entirely new board game called A Journey Through Europe or The Play of Geography in which players race across a map of Europe.

Horse racing was carried on for centuries before the 18th century but at this time it became a professional sport. The Jockey Club was formed in 1727. The Derby began in 1780.

For the well off card games and gambling were popular. The theatre was also popular. In the early 18th century most towns did not have a purpose built theatre and plays were staged in buildings like inns. However in the late 18th century theatres were built in most towns in England. Assembly rooms were also built in most towns. In them people played cards and attended balls. In London pleasure gardens were created.

Moreover a kind of cricket was played long before the 18th century but at that time it took on its modern form. The first cricket club was formed at Hambledon in Hampshire about 1750.

Also in the 18th century rich people visited spas. They believed that bathing in and/or drinking spa water could cure illness. Towns like Buxton, Bath and Tunbridge prospered. At the end of the 18th century wealthy people began to spend time at the seaside. (Again they believed that bathing in seawater was good for your health). Seaside resorts like Brighton and Bognor boomed.

Reading was also a popular pastime in the 18th century and the first novels were published at this time. Books were still expensive but in many towns you could pay to join a circulating library. The first daily newspaper in England was printed in 1702. The Times began in 1785.

Many people enjoyed cruel ‘sports’ like cockfighting and bull baiting. (A bull was chained to a post and dogs were trained to attack it). Rich people liked fox hunting.

Public executions were also popular and they drew large crowds. Boxing without gloves was also popular (although some boxers began to wear leather gloves in the 18th century). Puppet shows like Punch and Judy also drew the crowds.

Furthermore in the late 18th century the circus became a popular form of entertainment.

Smoking clay pipes was popular in the 18th century. So was taking snuff.

Wealthy young men would go on a ‘grand tour’ of Europe lasting one or two years.

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List of English kings (in the 18th c.)

Monarchs of Great Britain

House of Stuart

Anne (1702–1714)

House of Brunswick, Hanover Line

George I (1714–1727)

George II (1727–1760)

George III (1760–1820)

Test in English History

1. When did Anne’s father James become king?

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7. The Hanoverian era continued through ... successive Georges.

8.George I spoke no ...

a)German

b)English

c)French

9.The major opposition to the Hanoverians came from ...

10. The last battle fought on British soil, the Battle of Culloden happened in ...

11. Two main Jacobite rebellions occurred, the first in ..., the second in ...

14.How many children did Sophia bear?

a)Three sons and five daughters

b)Two sons and one daughter

c)One son and three daughters

d)Only one daughter

15.At what age did George II ascend the throne?

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18.This War was known as King George’s War in America.

a)The War of the Austrian Succession

b)The War of the American Succession

c)The War of Saint Laurence

d)The War of Independence

19.This king was the last British sovereign to command troops in the field.

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30.What is one of the main reasons of the defeat of the French?

a)Policy of Dupleix

b)Policy of Count-de-Lally

c)Financial support of the British by General Braddock

d)Robert Clive’s fleet from Spain

31.The War of Independence in America ended in ....

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38.In the Atlantic Ocean, most trade was carried out by ...

a)Private merchant vessels

b)Pirate ships

c)State trade vessels

39.The colonies were regarded as ...

a)a source of necessary raw materials

b)a source of necessary scientists

c)a source of necessary soldiers

d)a source of necessary white slaves

40.In the British market, the colonies were granted monopolies for their ...

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43. One of the most famous pioneers of selective breeding was ...

44.Church of England was considered to be ...

a)Science institution

b)Political institution

45.Methodism spread to Scotland after ...

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KEYS

Test in English History

GLOSSARY

Act of Settlement, the (1701) – The Act which gave the right to inherit the English throne only to Protestants securing England against the son of James II, a Catholic.

Anne (1702–1714) – A younger sister of Marry II, a protestant; none of her 17 children survived, so she had to pass the succession of the throne to the Hanovers; was influenced by her “friends,” the Churchills, the Duchess and Duke of Marlborough.

Blenheim – A village in SW Germany, site of victory of Anglo-Austrian forces under the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy that saved Vienna from the French and Bavarians (1704) during the War of the Spanish Succession.

Utrecht – A city in the central Netherlands, capital of Utrecht province: scene of signing (1579) of the Union of Utrecht and of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), ending the War of the Spanish Succession.

Act of Union of Scotland, the (1707) – The Act of Union with Scotland to secure the country from the Jacobites’ invasion. The new united British flag involved the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew.

House of Hanover, the (1714–1901) – The Royal Family between 1714, when George Louis, the leader of the German state of Hanover, became the king of Britain, and 1901, when Queen Victoria died. George became the king because there was no heir to Queen Anne, and the leaders of Hanover were related to king James I through his granddaughter Sophia.

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George I (r. 1714–1727) – King of Great Britain and Ireland; was the first of the Hanoverian kings and came to Britain from Germany on the death of Queen Anne; was not popular in Britain, mainly because he did not to speak English; did not get involved in British politics, leaving most decisions to the Cabinet, which became much more important during his time as king.

Prime Minister, the – Originally, the king or queen could choose anyone they liked to be chief or “Prime” Minister. For a long time the British minister could come either from the House of Lords or the House of Commons. In the recent years the Prime Minister has always come from the Commons. The monarch gives the job to the leader of the party with the largest number of MPs. The Prime Minister is by tradition First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil service; chooses th cabinet and heads the government.

Cabinet, the – The executive and policy-making body of a country, consisting of all government ministers or just the senior ministers.

Walpole, Robert (1676–1745) – A British Whig politician who was Britain’s first Prime minister (1715–1717, 1721–1742); served the longest time of any prime minister; was the first at Number Ten, Downing Street. His periods in power were times of peace and economic success for the country, although Walpole himself was accused of dishonest behavior in government. He was made an earl in 1742.

“Sinking fund” – A fund accumulated out of a business enterprise’s earnings or a government’s revenue and invested to repay a long-term debt or meet a depreciation charge.

George II (r. 1727–1760) – King of Great Britain and Ireland; was the only son of George I and, like his father, was not very interested in the government of Britain, allowing the development of the constitutional monarchy; was interested in the army; fought against the French in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748); was the last king to lead his army to the battle.

Pitt, William, the Elder (1708–1778), the Earl of Chatham – A British Prime Minister (1756–1761, 1766–1786); was called the Great Commoner because he was so popular in the country; known as a great speaker in Parliament; successfully led Britain in the Seven Years War against France.

Seven Years’ War, the (1756–1763) – The war (1756–1763) of Britain and Prussia, who emerged in the ascendant, against France and Austria, resulting from commercial and colonial rivalry between Britain and France

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