- •16. Word-building
- •17. Modern English phraseology
- •Structure of word-groups
- •Meaning of word-groups
- •Motivation in word-groups
- •Structural class-ion
- •Etimological class-ion
- •Proverbs
- •18.Lexico-semantic grouping in Modern English lexicone
- •19. The Latin borrowings of different periods.
- •20.French as the most important foreign influence on the English language
- •21.The Noun
- •Category of number
- •The category of case
- •Category of Animateness - Inanumateness
- •22.The Verb
- •The category of aspect
- •23. The Phrase
- •Classification of predicative word-groups
- •Absolute Predicative Word Groups
- •Syntactical Relations between the Components of Phrase
- •The Theory of Phrase
- •24. The Sentence
- •Classification of Sentences
- •Types of Sentences According to Structure
- •Types of One-member Sentences in English
- •Types of Sentences According to their Completeness
- •25. Categorial structure of the word
- •26.The theory of phoneme
- •27. Lexical stylistic devices. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices.
- •Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices
- •28.The theory of intonation.
- •29. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices Phonetic stylistic devices
- •Pure Graphical Stylistic Devices
- •30. Syntactical stylistic devices
19. The Latin borrowings of different periods.
The role of Latin was very important due to such historic events as the Roman occupation of Britain, the influence of the Roman civilization & the introduction of Christianity. That’s why Latin greatly influenced OE: its alphabet, the growth of writing & literature.
Latin words entered the English language at different stages of OE history. Chronologically they can be divided into several layers:
1) The oldest layer words are taken over either directly from the Romans before the Anglo-Saxons settled in Britain (for they certainly had met Romans on the Continent in combat, had gone to Rome as war prisoners & slaves, had enlisted in the Roman troops & had certainly traded with Roman merchants), or from the Celtic inhabitants in Britain.
Early English borrowings from Latin indicate the new things & concepts, which the Teutons had learnt from the Romans; they pertain to (относятся к) war, trade, units of measurement & containers, agriculture, building & home life.
a) mil (mile)
weall (wall) - “стена”.
straet (street) (специально военная дорога). from Latin “via strata”. - “улица”.
b) ceapian (to trade) manξean (to trade)
ceap (deal) manξunξ (trading)
ceapman (trader) (later “chapman”) manξere (trader)
These words were soon assimilated by the language, as they formed many derivatives.
pund (pound) flasce (flask)
ynce (inch) ciest (chest)
c) win (wine) ciese (cheese)
butere (butter) pipor (pepper)
plume (plum)
d) cealc (chalk)
tiξele (tile)
coper (copper) (от Cyprus (Кипр),медь=кипрская бронза)
e) cytel (kettle) (котелок)
cuppe (cup)
pyle (pillow)
Among the Latin loan-words adopted in Britain were some place-names or components of place-names used by the Celts.
2) The second layer consists of words, which directly or indirectly belong to the sphere of religion & church, & words connected with learning. This period of Latin influence began with the introduction of Christianity in the late 6th century & lasted to the end of OE. The total number of Latin loan-words in OE exceeds 500, this layer accounting for over 400 words.
a) The new religion introduced a large number of new conceptions, which required new names:
apostol (apostle) deofol (devil)
antefn (anthem) maesse (mass) (месса)
biscop (bishop) mynster (minster)
candel (candle) munuc (monk)
clerec (═clergyman) (clerk) preost (priest)
To this list we may add many more modern English words from the same source: angel, hymn, idol, martyr, noon, pope, prophet, rule, temple & others.
b) After the introduction of Christianity many monastic (монашеский) schools were set up (созданы, организованы) in Britain. The spread of education led to the wider use of Latin: teaching was conducted in Latin, or consisted of learning Latin.
scol (school) (досуг→школа, занятия) scolere (scholar)
maξister (master ═учитель)
Also: accent, grammar, meter, notary (нотариус), decline (упадок).
A great number of miscellaneous ([misi’leinjes] – смешанных, разнообразных) borrowings came from Latin probably because they indicated new objects & new ideas, introduced into English life together with their Latin names by those who had a good command of Latin: monks, priests, school-masters. Some of these scholarly words became part of everyday voc-ry. They belong to different semantic spheres:
names of trees & plants: elm, lily, pine, pear, mint, fennel (укроп), rose, plant.
of illnesses & words pertaining to medical treatment: cancer, fever, plaster.
names of animals: camel, elephant, tiger, mule.
names of clothes & household duties: cap, mat, sack (мешок), sock, silk.
names of foods: beet, oyster, radish.
The Latin impact on the OE vocabulary was not restricted to borrowing of words. There were also other aspects of influence. The most important of them is the appearance of the so-called “translation-loans” – words & phrases created on the pattern of Latin words as their literal translations. The earliest examples of translation-loans are names of the days of the week:
Monan-daξ (Monday) ═ day of the Moon Tiwes-daξ (Tuesday) ═ day of Tiw (Tiw – Mars) Wednesday ═ day of Wotan/Odin ═ Mercury Thursday ═ day of Thor/Tuner ═ Jupiter Friday ═ day of Fria ═ Venus Saturday ═ day of Saturn
Sunday ═ day of Sun