29. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices Phonetic stylistic devices

The existing models of organizing speech or sounds can be divided into two groups: versification and instrumentation.

Versification is from latin “versus” – стих, “facio” – делаю. Versification is the art of creating poetry according to the rules of a certain language and poet’s practice (varieties of poetic feet and metres, rhymes and rhyming patterns).

Instrumentation is the some of speech sound selection and combination message foregrounding the utterance thus creating expressive and emotive connotations (euphony - благозвучие, cackophony – неблагозвучие, alliteration, assonance, onomatopheia).

Onomatopheia is a combination of speech sounds, which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder), by things (machines or tools), and by people (laughter, sighing, patter of feet).

Ку-ка-ре-ку – cock-a-doo-dle-do; мяу – mew; тик-так - tick-tack.

Things falling into the water: a coin - “plop”; smth larger (dog) – “splash”; human body – “splosh”.

Balloon(пробка от шампанского) – “pop”, “bang”.

Alliteration is a figure of speech which consists in the repetition of consonants (especially initial) in words in close succession.

Assonance is a figure of speech based on the repetition sounds or diphthongs without reguard of consonants, the kind of vowel rhyme.

e.g. How sad and bad and mad it was (Browning).

Graphical stylistic devices

They serve to convey in the written form the effects which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stresses.

We refer here the emphatic use of the punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a word.

Graphon is the intentional vacation of the graphical shape of a word (word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation.

Graphons indicate irregularities, carelessness of pronunciation, foreign accent.

Pure Graphical Stylistic Devices

Multiplication: laaarge, r-r-ruin

Hyphonation: I en-vy her

Capitalization: I Love him

The use of italics, the use of punctuation: I Love him!!!

30. Syntactical stylistic devices

Syntactical stylistic devices deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance, which creates the emphasis of the letter irrespective (?) of the lexical meanings of the employed units.

Repetitionas a syntactical stylistic device is a reiteration of the saying word, word-combination, and phrase for two or more times.

• Ordinary repetitionis the repetition of one and the same member of phrase or sentence without any strict regularity.

• Anaphora– the beginning of some successive clauses or sentences is repeated (a …, a …);

• Epiphora– the end of some successive clauses or sentences is repeated (… a, … a);

• Framing– the beginning of the sentence is repeated at the end, thus forming the frame for the non-repeated part (a …, … a):

• Catch repetitionis the repetition of end of one sentence (clause) in the beginning of the following one (… a, a …);

• Chain repetitionpresents several successive catch repetitions (… a, a … b, b … c, c …);

• Successive repetitionis a string of closely following each other reiterated units (…, a, a, a).

Parallel constructionis a stylistic device based on the use of the similar syntactic pattern in two or more sentences or clauses.

E.g.: You know I’m grateful to him. You realize I respect him.

Chiasmus(reversed parallel construction) is the repetition of a syntactical pattern but it has across order of words and phrases. In two successive sentences the word order of one sentence is inverted as compared to that of the other.

E.g.: He loved and was loved by everybody.

Detachmentis a syntactical stylistic device consisting in separating a secondary part of a sentence with the aim of emphasizing it.

Inversionis a syntactical stylistic device based on violation of the traditional word order of the sentence, which does not alter the meaning of the sentence only giving it an additional logical impact or emotional colouring.

Asyndetonis connection between parts of sentence without any conjunctions.

Polysyndetonis a syntactical stylistic device based on repeated use of conjunctions in close connection.

Attachmentis a syntactical stylistic device based on the deliberate separation of the second part of the utterance from the first one by a full stop.

Breakis a figure of speech which consists in breaking the narrative with rhetorical effect. It expresses unwillingness to proceed, the listener can guess by implication what was not verbally expressed.