14 Lexico-syntactical sd

Syntactical SD add logical, emotive expressive information to the utterance regardless of lex. Meanings of sentence components.

There are certain structures whose emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on their construction with definite dem&s on the lexico-semantic aspect of the utterance. They are known as lexico-syntactical SD

Antithesis(contrast)is a lexico-syntactical stylistic device, based on parallel construction with contrasted words. It is often based on the use of antonyms.

e.g. God made the country. & man made the town.

Climaxis a figure in which each next word-combination (clause, sentence) is logically more important or emotionally stronger or more explicit.

e.g. Little by little, bit by bit, & day by day, year by year, the Baron got the worst of some disputed question.

Anticlimaxis a climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought, which defeats expectations of the reader & ends incomplete semantic reversal of the emphasized idea.

Simileis a lexico-syntactical stylistic device, which consists in the imaginative comparison of 2 unlike objects belonging to 2 different classes. The one,which is compared is called the tenor & the other- the vehicle.

Link-words: like, as, as though, as as, as like, such as.

e.g. She(tenor) is like a rose(vehicle)

Litotesis a lexico-syntactical stylistic device, in which 2 negations are joined to give a positive evaluation.

e.g. Her face was not unpretty

Periphrasis a sd, which basically consists of using a round-about form of expression in stead of a simple one e.G. Weak sex, root of the devil(money)

15.The theory of intonation

Every concrete utterance together with its phonemic & syllabic structure has its prosodic structures (or intonation).

A syntagmis a word or a group of words organized syntactically & phonetically to express a thought unit.(Scherba) A syntagm may coincide with a sentence or may be part of the sentence.

He‘s got a lot of things with him. (syntagm=sentence).^ ¯ `..

Yes, || books, | magazines, | vocabulary | & many other things. (4 syntagms) A syntagm has some structural characteristics: nucleus (nuclear tone) ( ) it’s a mostly semantically important word, it’s a terminal tone. It has pitch variations. The boundaries between the syntagms are marked by a tonal junctions & pauses. The syntagm is a meaningful unit. It’s most general meaning is either completeness, finality or incompleteness, non-finality. The structure of the syntagm varies depending on the number of syllables & rhythmic units in it. The min syntagm consists of 1 stressed syllable – nucleus. e.g. Who did it? I.– nucleus. Max the syntagm consists of the pre-head (.^ ), the head (¯ ` ), the nucleus (), the tail (..)

Intonation has a number of definitions now. Some western phoneticians underst& under the term of intonation only melody. Others think that intonation includes tone (stress).

Rus. phoneticians think that intonation is a complex unity of several components: melody, stress, rhythm, timbre, pauses, temp. They enable the speaker to express the attitude to the content & the emotions. Not all the elements of int-n are equally studied. The most important elements of int-n aremelody, stress & rhythm.

Melody (tone, tune) is the rise & fall in the pitch of the voice in the process of speech. 6 main tones:low fall - low rise; high fall - high rise; rise fall - fall rise.

The first opposition is the direction of the pitch of the voice. It is used to express finality or non-finality.Range. The pitch movement is low, high. Low pitch movement: indifferent, neutral, cool. High: emphatic, interested. Simplicity, complexity of a pitch movement:

Fall; fall-rise Rise; rise-fall. Direct meaning , implied meaning.

That’s why these 6 main tones are used in E.. They may be reduced to 2 main tones: fall & rise.

The falling tone expresses finality & is definite, categoric. It is often used in statements, special ?, exclamations, comm&s, greetings, disjunctive questions, alternative ?.

The rising tone sounds non-final, is complete, it is non-categoric. It is used in general ?, in requests, polite remarks, alternative ?, disjunctive ?, non-final syntagms, enumerations, statements, finished gram.ly but not semantically.

The fall & rise tones have different variations which depend on the aim of communication, & Arnold & O’Conner worked out the system of 10 tone-groups in E. in which every tone-group expresses a certain attitude, certain emotions.

Stress is the greater prominent which is given to 1 or more words in an utterance as compared with other words in the same utterance.

Sintagmatic stressThe stress represents the most important func-al type. Together with the main tones it singles out the semantic center of the utterance. It is usually on the last stressed syllable.

Syntactic stress Marks other semantically important words within the syntagm on level pitches.

Logical stress Is a shifting of the syntagmatic stress from its normal place on the last stressed word in this utterance. In this way a new utterance with a new semantic center is created.

Rhythm Is the regular recurrence of a stressed syllable in the flow of speech. The E/ rh. is based on the rh-ic groups. The rh.gr. is a stressed syllable or a stressed syllable with 1 or more unstressed syllables. The center of the rh.gr. is the stressed syllable. certain rules of rhythm: the stressed syllables occur in the language at more or less equal intervals of time; every non-initial rh.gr. begins with a stressed syllable; the initial rh.gr. may begin with either stressed or unstressed syllable or syllables; the greater number of unstressed syllable among stressed ones the more rapidly they are pronounced.