13.Lex. Stylistic devices.

A stylistic device may be defined as a pattern according to which the peculiarities of the language may be materialized.

Lex. sdsreveal the following pattern: Interplay of different types of lex. meaning; Intensification of characteristic traits of the phenomena described; Contamination intentional mixing of word of different stylistic aspects.

Metaphoris a transference of meanings on the basis of similarity. It’s a semantic process of associating 2 referents, one of which in some way resembles the other.

E.g. the l& shouted with grass. Engl& has 2 eyes, Oxford & Cambridge.

Metonymy– contiguity of meaning, it’s a semantic process of associating 2 referents, one of which makes part of the other or is closely connected with it.

E.g.: have another cup? (tea); Brown shirts(fascists);to read Pushkin

Ironyis based on interplay of 2 logical meanings: dictionary & contextual which st& in opposition to each other.

E.g.: She turned with the sweetsmile of an alligator.

Epithetexpresses a characteristic of an object existing or imaginary. Describes the object basing on images. Epithet expresses a characteristic of an object both existing & imaginary. Its basic feature is emotiveness & subjectivity: the characteristic attached to the object to qualify it is always chosen by the speaker himself.

Thus epithet is based on interplay of logical & emotive meaning. The eater (emotive) is born in context & prevails over the logical meaning. Logical attributes (not a sd) are objective non-evaluative.

E.g.: the devil of a woman; A lipsticky smile.

Oxymoronis a variety of epithet. It is also an attributive or rarely adverbial word joined with an antonymic word in one combination.

E.g.: crowded loneliness, An ugly beauty,To shout silently.

Antonomasiais the use of a proper name in the function of common noun & vice a versa – the use of a common noun as a proper name.

E.g.Miss Simplicity.-speaking name), Some Tom-cat entered our room.

Zeugmais a sd of using a verb or adj. in the same gram., but different semantic relations to 2 abjection nouns in the context, the semantic relation being on the one h& literal & on the other – metaphorical. Zeugma is a figure of speech, using a verb or adj. with 2 nouns, to one of which it is strictly applicable, while the word appropriate to the other is not used.

E. g.: & the boys took their places & their books.

With wiping eyes & hearts.

Punis a figure, which consists in a humorous use of words identical in sound, but different in meaning or the use of different meanings of the same word.

E.g.: Have you been seen any spirit? Or taken any?

Did you hit a woman with a child? – No, I hit her with a stick.

Hyperbole is a SD in which emphasis is active through deliberate exaggeration; the feelings & emotions of the speaker are so concentrated that the resorts in his speech to intensifying the quantitative or the qualitative aspect of the object. (e.g. My love should grow faster that empires).

H is one of the most expressive means of our everyday speech.

It may be the final effect of another SD: metaphor, simile, irony. (e.g. he had the tread of an elephant (metaphor). The man was like the Rock of Gibraltar (simile)). (e.g. She was all angles &-bones).

Also (numerical nouns): a million, a thous&.

(adverbs of time): ever, never.

H is aimed exaggerating quantity or quality when it is directed the opposite way, when the size, shape, demotions, characteristic features of an object are not overrated but underrated we deal with understatement or meiosis.

e.g. This woman of a pocket size (understatement).

I was scared to death when I came into the room (H).