- •Часть II
- •Пояснительная записка
- •Contents
- •1.3 Match the phrase from column a with its meaning from column b.
- •1.4 Read the text and make up its plan. Draw three schemes on the first paragraph of the text.
- •1.5 Read text 1.4 again, find English equivalents to the Russian words.
- •1.6 Read the text once more and match the following words from a to their meanings from b.
- •1.7 What do the following words refer to? Read the sentences with them.
- •1.8 Complete the sentences from the text above.
- •1.9 Answer the questions to the text.
- •1.10 Read the text and find additional information about biology.
- •1.12 Retell text 1.4 according to your plan and add some more information from text 1.10.
- •1.13 Look at these words that appear in the text. Check the meaning and the pronunciation of any unknown words in the dictionary.
- •1.14 Match the phrases from column a with their meanings from column b.
- •1.15 Read and give the title to the text below, draw the schemes to the first paragraph of the text and make up the plan of its second paragraph.
- •1.16 Match the words from column a with its meaning from column b
- •1.17 Answer the following questions using the information from
- •1.18 Work in groups. Read the text and say what new information about plants and animals you have got from it:
- •1.19 Complete the gaps in the following text with the words from
- •1.20 Match Russian sentences from part a (1–12) with their English equivalents from part b (a–I).
- •Remember:
- •1.21 Form the plural of the following nouns:
- •The Passive Voice
- •1.22 Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the use of the Passive forms.
- •1.24 State the tense and voice of the verbs.
- •1.25 Open the brackets using the correct form of the verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •1.26 Complete the sentences with the correct form of one of the verbs given below, using the Passive Voice.
- •1.27 How can animals in danger be saved from extinction? This is what happened to the oryx. Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the passive.
- •1.28 Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form (Active or Passive Voice).
- •The Natural World. Plants and Animals
- •2.5 Using the text, give characteristics to all groups of vertebrates
- •2.6 Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words given below:
- •The world around us
- •2.7 Read and correct the sentences:
- •2.12 Read the text about mammals and answer the questions. Mammals
- •2.13 Answer the questions:
- •2.14 Translate the following words into Russian. Then complete the columns:
- •2.15 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
- •2.16 Match the verbs in a with their meanings in b, then use these verbs in the right form in the sentences below.
- •2.17 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Неличные формы глагола и синтаксические обороты
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.18 Pay attention to the use of the Active Infinitive in the following sentences, state its function and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2.19 Pay attention to the use of the Passive Infinitive in the following sentences, state its function and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2.20 Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive.
- •2.21 Underline the Complex Subject with the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2.22 Underline the Complex Object with the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •The Classifications of Living Things
- •Animal kingdom
- •Plant kingdom
- •3.8 Look through the text and choose the most suitable heading from the list 1- 5 for each part a-d of the text. There is an extra heading that you do not need to use.
- •3.9 You are going to read the text. Check the meaning and pronounciation of the words in the dictionary.
- •3.10 Match the phrase in column a with its definition in column b.
- •3.11 Read the text and define its main idea: linnean system of classification
- •3.12 Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •3.13 Complete the sentences:
- •3.14 Work in pairs:
- •3.15 Read the text and answer the questions.
- •3.16 Speak on the topics:
- •3.17 Match the words in a with their meanings in b.
- •3.18 Match each animal from the box with the animal group it belongs to. Some animals can be used more than once.
- •What is a mammal?
- •3.20 Match each of these parts of body (a-d) to an animal from the box.
- •3.22 State whether ing-forms are gerunds, verbal nouns or participles.
- •3.23 Read the sentences, explain the use of the Gerund and translate them into Russian.
- •3.24 Use the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.
- •3.25 Complete the sentences using the Gerund.
- •4.4 Find in the text the words or phrases similar to the following words:
- •4.5 Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •4.6 Complete the sentences
- •4.7 Read and translate the following text without a dictionary and guess the meaning of the underlined words:
- •4.8 Read the text and fill in the gaps, using the words below:
- •4.9 Translate the following passages and entitle them:
- •4.10 Entitle the text and get ready to answer the questions.
- •4.11 Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words given below:
- •4.12 Translate the text without a dictionary and guess the meaning of the underlined words: Cell components
- •4.14 Reproduce in your own words:
- •4.15 Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •4.16 State the functions of Participle I. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4.17 State the functions of Participle II. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4.19 Find the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions, analyze what their elements are expressed by and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4.20 Translate the text into Russian, paying attention to the Participles: Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems
- •4.21 Translate the following sentences into Russian and substitute the Absolute Participle Construction by clauses and vice versa.
- •4.22 Translate into Russian:
- •4.23 Note the use of verbals in translate them into Russian. Prehistoric plants
- •Biology
- •3. Read the text and answer the question:
- •What is Biology
- •4. Read the text and tell about the differences in sensitivity of plants and animals.
- •8. Read the text and find English equivalents to the Russian sentences:
- •Respiration
- •9. Read the text and find English equivalents to the Russian words:
- •Excretion
- •10. Read the text and answer the questions. Growth
- •11. Read the text and tell about homeostasis. Maintaining life
- •Where Organisms Live?
- •Animal inhabitants of the british isles
- •3. Read the text and answer the questions:
- •Selling ivory
- •In the text above find the underlined words, which are close in meaning to those below:
- •4. Do the crossword.
- •5. Study the meanings of these four related verbs.
- •In some cases more than one answer is possible.
- •6. Translate the following texts, using your dictionary. Fill in the gaps with the words given below:
- •6. Read the text, classify the animals (reptiles, birds, etc.) and speak on the peculiarities of Britain's fauna. Animal inhabitants of the british isles
- •7. Read the text and pick out words that can be used in description of a bird (e. G. Feathers, to fly, etc.). Then give a short summary of the text. The long history of birds
- •8. Read the text and speak on the evolution of the birds in Australia. Australia's birds
- •9. Read the text and match the two words in bold with their definitions given below.
- •The eggs — a living masterpiece
- •10. Read the text, fill in the gaps with the words from the box and explain the underlined word.
- •11. In the texts below, fill in the blanks with "male(s)" or "female(s)". The singing humpback whale
- •12. The paragraphs below are mixed up. Join the paragraphs so as to get a whole text. Begin with paragraph 2.
- •13. Read the text and match the titles with the paragraphs:
- •14. Read the text and choose the most suitable heading from the list a-c for each part 1 – 3 of the text.
- •15. Read the text and do the assignments that follow it.
- •Carolus Linnaeus
- •Simple Organisms
- •3. Read the text and say if the sentences are true or false; correct false sentences.
- •Invertebrates
- •4. Read the text make up its plan and answer the questions.
- •6. Read the text, tell about characteristic features of amphibians and the differences between frogs and toads; find English equivalents to the Russian expressions:
- •Amphibians
- •Arthropods
- •Reptiles
- •Mammals
- •Nonflowering Plants
- •Flowering Plants
- •3. Read the text, make up its plan and match English words in a with their English equivalents in b The Cell
- •The stuff of life
- •Vocabulary
- •Bibliography
- •Английский язык
- •Часть II
- •Подписано в печать Тираж зкз.
- •625003, Тюмень, Семакова, 10.
4.10 Entitle the text and get ready to answer the questions.
Robert Hooke, an English scientist, who lived at the same time as Leeuwenhoek also made and used microscopes. One day, he cut a very thin slice of cork and put it under his lenses He noticed that it was made of “a great many little boxes” separated by walls. He compared these to the cells of honey comb. All of the cells were filled with air. This explained why cork was light and why it floated so easily. The piece of cork that Hook examined was not alive. At one time, each "cell" had contained living matter, but the living material had died. As scientists continued to examine living things under the microscope, they slowly came to realize, that both plants and animals were made up of cells. One can easily see living plant cells in a very thin strip of onion. These cells fit together much like the bricks in a house. They have a cell wall made of non-living woody matter.
Why is cork very light?
Why does it float very easy?
4.11 Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words given below:
|
a) DNA, b) RNA, c) nucleus, d) divide, e) reproduction, f) nucleoli, g) ability, h) heredity. |
The 1) … is a fairly large, generally spherical body located more or less centrally in the cell. It stains in a distinctive manner and includes one or more dense, heavily staining bodies, the 2) ….
The nucleus is the controlling center of the cell. An enucleated cell, or a cell fragment without a nucleus, can carry on some of its functions for a short period, but its 3) … to grow is limited and 4) … can not occur. On the other hand, fragments containing a nucleus may grow and may eventually 5) …. Correlation of observations on inheritance with details of cell structure shows clearly that, with a few exceptions, the factors that control 6) … are located in the chromosomes, which lie in the nucleus and make up most of its bulk. The chief components of these hereditary factors, the genes, appears to be 7) …. To a great extent DNA controls cell growth and cell function. 8) … performs a function outside the nucleus related to the nuclear activity of the chromosomal DNA.
4.12 Translate the text without a dictionary and guess the meaning of the underlined words: Cell components
Extensive knowledge of the cell and its parts has been gained from the highly developed techniques of microscopy and cell chemistry. The cell is bounded by a cell membrane and may also be bounded by a cell wall. All living components within this cell membrane are often referred to as the protoplasm. The protoplasm includes a nucleus and a mass of substance surrounding it, the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm may contain small differential areas or small organs known as organelles and non-living material, such as excretory products or reserve food. The cell, these organelles and the nucleus are membrane bound. The membranes are usually composed of associated layers of lipid and protein. They are important not only as boundaries of the cell and cell components but also as surfaces on which metabolic reactions take place.
4.13. Translate the text into English using the information from the unit.
a) Клетка – элементарная живая система, состоящая из двух основных частей – цитоплазмы и ядра. Она является основой строения, развития жизнедеятельности всех животных и растительных организмов. Клеточное строение обнаруживается на различных уровнях организации живой природы. Итак, клетки, составляющие тело бактерий и простейших, являются самостоятельными opгaнизмами; в отличие от этого, клетки, входящие в состав тканей многоклеточных организмов, представляют собой элементы, полностью подчиненные целостному организму. Основной план строения животных и растительных клеток сходен, однако последние отличаются некоторыми особыми чертами. У животных, например, нет микроскопически видимых оболочек, а все растительные клетки окружены хорошо выраженными целлюлозными оболочками, которые могут иметь сложное строение и включать различные органические и неорганические вещества. Клетка, как живая система поддерживает и восстанавливает свою целостность, адаптируется к условиям среды и выполняет различные функции за счет энергии вещества, пополняемой из окружающей среды. Любая клетка, являясь сравнительно высокоорганизованной формой живой материи, имеет сложный химический состав. Именно внутренняя структура клетки обеспечивает взаимодействие одних ферментов и разобщенность других, благодаря чему биохимические реакции протекают согласованно и в определенной последовательности. Описание особенностей, присущих большинству тканевых клеток и клеток простейших, составляет задачу общей цитологии. Частная цитология изучает отдельные морфологические типы клеток.
b) Изучение составных частей клеток и протоплазмы было начато после открытия микроскопа. Под микроскопом ученые увидели маленькие ячейки, которые названы клетками. Позднее обнаружили протоплазму. Все основные жизненные функции организма заключены в протоплазме. Она состоит из ядра, окруженного веществом, названным цитоплазмой. Химический состав протоплазмы сложный, ученые долго не могли ее изучить. Когда ученые начинают исследовать ее, она меняет свою структуру и умирает. Но исследования продолжаются, и в настоящее время очень много уже известно о свойствах, структуре и составе протоплазмы.