3.18 Match each animal from the box with the animal group it belongs to. Some animals can be used more than once.

Herbivores, insects, mammals, cats, reptiles, fish, birds, carnivores, omnivores, amphibians.

crocodile, lion, tiger, bear, hawk, frog, wolf, goldfish, panther, monkey, snake, sparrow, wasp, whale, lizard, fly, jaguar, tortoise, pigeon, cow, fox, beetle, eagle, puma, squirrel, goat, sheep, salmon

3.19 Fill in the gaps in the text below with one of the words given in the box. Some words can be used more than once.

Milk, blood, temperature, skin, brain, mammal(s), internal, flight

What is a mammal?

A 1)... is an animal which has a backbone and whose well-developed 2)... is protected by a skull. Its heart has four cham­bers which separate fresh from used 3).... Using the heat generated in its body, a mammal keeps its 4)... temperature much the same no matter what the 5)... of its surroundings. The hair which grows from a mammal's 6)... acts as insulation to help this. All 7).. have mammary glands, which in female mammals develop so that they can feed their young ones on 8)... . Mammals have four limbs, which may be adapted for swimming or, in bats, for 9)….

3.20 Match each of these parts of body (a-d) to an animal from the box.

Horse, bird, cat, fish

a) feathers, beak, wings: ... c) whiskers, paws, fur: ...

b) gills, scales, fin: ... d) hooves, tail, mane: ...

3.21 Read the text and find the main differences on the three kinds of mammals.

Monotremes lay soft-shelled eggs. The tiny young which hatches from a monotreme egg is naked, blind and has undeveloped hindlimbs. It uses its forelimbs to drag itself to its mother's belly, where it suckles on a patch where milk oozes onto the skin. The Short-beaked Echidna has a pouch, the Platypus does not.

Marsupials give birth to tiny young which are naked, blind and have undeveloped hindlimbs. The baby uses its forelimbs to drag itself to one of its mother's nipples, where it attaches itself. Here, it suckles milk and completes its development. It may be protected by a pouch, or by folds of skin.

Placental mammals keep their young ones inside their bodies until they are well-developed. This is possible because a placenta links the blood vessels of mother and baby and pre­vents the mother's body from rejecting the baby. Once born, the baby suckles milk from its mother's nipples when it is hungry.

Grammar: The Gerund

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола с окончанием ing. Герундий имеет свойства глагола и существительного.

Формы герундия
	Active	Passive
Indefinite	planting	Being planted
Perfect	Having planted	Having been planted

Герундий ставится после: 1.To avoid, to admit, to appreciate, to consider, to delay, to deny, to detect, to enjoy, to explain, to fancy, to finish, to forgive, to imagine, to help(on), to mention, to mind, to miss, to pardon, to postpone, to put off, to stop, to give up, to go on, to suggest, to resent. He postponed writing his research work. 2. To agree to, to accuse of, to approve of, to be afraid of, to consist of, to complain of, to prevent from, to succeed in, to persist in, to be engaged in, to spend in, to result in, to hear of, to suspect of, to inform of, to give up the idea of, to think of, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be proud of, to insist on, to depend on, to object to, to be surprised at. Students are engaged in studying various subjects. 3. To feel like, to be for, to be against, can’t help, can’t avoid, can’t afford. 4 It is (of) no use; it is useless; it is no good.

Герундий может употребляться после: 1. About, without, after, by, in, on, of, at, for, to, besides, apart from, before, with. 2. существительного в притяжательном падеже или местоимения. He complains of my working too slowly. Он жалуется, что я работаю слишком медленно.

Герундий в форме Active употребляется после: to need, to want, to require, worth (стоящий). The book is worth reading.