1. Determine the meaning of the modal verbs “to have to”, “to be to”. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. She asked what her husband said about those cheeses. I replied that he directed they were to be kept in a moist place and that nobody was to touch them.

2. The rain was so sudden, so everybody had to take a taxi.

3. “I want to know on what terms the girl is to be here” said Mrs. Pierce. “Is she to have any wages and what is to become of her after you’ve finished your teaching?”

4. He didn’t have to hear what Tullis was talking about to know that he was talking about his play and the success it was.

5. It was foolish of her to marry a man so much younger. My only hope is that she won’t have to go through as much suffering as she deserves.

6. There is one sort of person who astonishes me. This is the elderly Englishwoman, generally of adequate means who is to be found living alone, up and down the world, in unexpected places.

7. It was an official party. The Trollopes were to have been there, but couldn’t come because of the sudden illness of their son Edwin.

8. I did not know then that he was to become my best friend for many years.

9. “Guess what!” “I can’t guess. You’ll have to tell me”.

10. The children are not to touch anything in the room.

11. It was the first and the last ceremony. I was to see.

12. He was to have had a music lesson in the morning but the teacher called up to cancel it.

13. He looked about him for his daughter but she was not to be seen.

2. A. Make the following sentences a) interrogative, b) negative.

1. We had to stay in the town for two days.

2. They will have to take much luggage with them.

3. They have to work hard at their pronunciation.

4. We are to meet at the entrance at four.

5. We were to discuss the question with the dean.

6. The boys had to return home because of the weather.

7. He was to arrive by the 12.30 train.

8. The Smiths had to spend the summer in town.

9. We shall have to change trains at Eastbourne.

10. The house is to be painted this summer.

B. Add tag-questions to the following statements.

1. He had to prevent their meeting.

2. All right. Then I have to go.

3. You will have to do without me.

4. I don’t have to wait to be promoted.

5. O.K. Jimmy, you don’t have to try to manage any more.

6. He was to phone Henry at eight.

7. They are to take up history next year.

8. The students are to hand in the compositions.

C. Put questions using the words on brackets.

1. Tom had to go to the police station (Why).

2. They’ll have to answer a lot of questions at the exam (How many questions).

3. Ann has to wear glasses (Why).

4. The plane is to land at 4:10 (When).

5. They are to hold the meeting in the hall (Where).

6. I had to get up early yesterday (When).

7. The museum is to open in two days (When).

3. Put in “must” or “have (has/got) to”.

Note: Must usually expresses the feelings and wishes of the speaker/hearer. Have (got) to often expresses obligations that come from somewhere else. Compare:

I must stop smoking. (I want to).

I’ve got to stop smoking. – doctor’s orders.

Must you wear those dirty jeans? (Is that what you want?)

Do you have to wear a tie at work? (Is there a rule?)

1. I’m tired. I … go to bed early.

2. John … go to school on Saturdays,

3. We … go to London for a meeting.

4. “This is a great book”. “I … read it”.

5. A soldier … obey orders.

6. I think we … pay in advance.

7. You really … visit us soon.

8. I … try to spend more time at home.

9. You … go through Carlusle, on the way to Glasgow.