Notes to the text:

1.Dewar ['djuə] - a double-walled flask of metal or silvered glass with a vacuum between the walls, used to hold liquids at well below ambient temperature; named after Sir James Dewar.

2. Mylar ['mʌɪlɑ:] - a form of polyester resin used to make heat-resistant plastic films and sheets. It is made by copolymerizing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (терефталевая кислота); was produced in 1950s.

Ex.4 Define what part of speech is the word.

insulator	convective	reflective	limiting	compartment
insulating	convection	reflectivity	limit	presence
temperature	radiate	reflect	aluminized	prevent
ambient	radiant	excellent	silvered	necessarily

Ex.5 Answer questions about the text.

1. What do we call insulation? 2. Why are insulators used? 3. Which materials can be called good/poor insulators? 4. What do you know about thermal barrier/ conductive barrier/convective barrier? 5. How is the effectiveness of an insulator indicated? 6. What is an R-value?

Ex.6 Mach the part of the sentences, then translate them. Consult the text if necessary.

Thermal insulation is the method of	and poor insulator.
Only a small fraction of radiant energy is absorbed by such a material,	preventing heat from escaping a container or from entering the container.
The physical properties of the fluid or gas and the velocity	by the presence of the air-filled spaces.
Convective heat transfer occurs between	while poured concrete, a poor insulator, has an R-value of 0.08 per inch.
Rigid fiberglass, a common insulation material, has an R-value of 4 per inch,	at which the molecules travel influence the rate of transfer.
Conductive heat transfer is largely reduced	most being reflected back away.
Metal, for instance, is an excellent reflector	two objects separated by a moving interface of liquid or gas.

Ex.7 Define the predicate in the sentences. Translate them.

1. Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. 2. These can include use as drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses. 3. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.4. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact. 5. Metals exhibit high thermal conductivity and allow heat conduction to occur readily.6. The goal of all water treatment processes is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. 7. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact.

Ex.8 Translate the following abstract with a dictionary. Title it and make up 5 special questions.

At low driving temperatures, no boiling occurs and the heat transfer rate is controlled by the usual single-phase mechanisms. As the surface temperature is increased, local boiling occurs and vapour bubbles nucleate, grow into the surrounding cooler fluid, and collapse. This is sub-cooled nucleate boiling and a very efficient heat transfer mechanism. At high bubble generation rates the bubbles begin to interfere and the heat flux no longer increases rapidly with surface temperature (this is the departure from nucleate boiling DNB). At higher temperatures still, a maximum in the heat flux is reached (the critical heat flux). The regime of falling heat transfer is not easy to study but is believed to be characterized by alternate periods of nucleate and film boiling. Nucleate boiling slowing the heat transfer due to gas phase (bubbles) creation on the heater surface, as mentioned, gas phase thermal conductivity is much lower than liquid phase thermal conductivity, so the outcome is a kind of "gas thermal barrier".

At higher temperatures still, the hydrodynamically quieter regime of film boiling is reached. Heat fluxes across the stable vapour layers are low, but rise slowly with temperature. Any contact between fluid and the surface which may be seen probably leads to the extremely rapid nucleation of a fresh vapour layer ('spontaneous nucleation').

Ex.9 Translate the sentences into English using the active vocabulary of the lesson.

1.Энергосбережение является одной из неотъемлемых и приоритетных задач современной России.

2.Эти изоляционные материалы обладают низкой теплопроводностью, обеспечивают однородность теплоизоляционной конструкции, тем самым способствуя максимальному снижению тепловых потерь на трубопроводах и технологическом оборудовании.

3. Надежный и быстрый монтаж систем технической изоляции позволяет существенно снизить трудозатраты при проведении теплоизоляционных работ.

4.Накануне эксплуатационного периода следует проверять теплоизоляции труб.

5. Правильно подобранная теплоизоляция – это гарантия того, что любое помещение будет надежно защищено от переохлаждения или нагревающих факторов.

6.Сегодня изолирующие материалы приобретают все большее значение для создания оптимальных условий эксплуатации зданий.

Ex.10 Retell the text “Thermal Insulation”