Solar energy

In this context, "solar energy" refers to energy that is collected from sunlight. Solar energy can be applied in many ways, including to:

Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells.

Generate electricity using concentrating solar power.

Generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates turbines in a Solar updraft tower.

Generate hydrogen using photo-electrochemical cells.

Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating needs using solar-thermal panels.

Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design.

Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.

Solar air conditioning.

Ex. 3 Answer the following questions:

1) What turbines have become the most common for commercial use? 2) What areas are preferred for wind farms? 3) Does wind power produce greenhouse gases during operation? 4) Is water denser than air? 5) Can water produce energy? 6) What forms of water energy do you know? 7) What is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)? 8) How is vortex power generated? 9) How can solar energy be applied? Ex. 4 True or false? If the sentence is false correct it.

1) Air flow can’t be used to run wind turbines. 2) Turbines with rated output of 3.5 – 8 MW have become the most common for commercial use. 3) Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of 90% greater than that of land. 4) Offshore and high altitude sites are preferred for wind farms. 5) A slow flowing stream of water or moderate sea swell is useless in terms of energy. 6) Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans using a dam. 7) OTEC has been field – tested on a large scale. 8) Vortex power is retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water. 9) Solar energy is collected from sunlight. Ex. 5 Insert the omitted words.

1) The long-term technical … of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production. 2) Wind power is … and produces no … gases during operation such as carbon dioxide and methane. 3) Energy in water (in the form of … energy, temperature differences or … gradients) can be used. 4) Tidal power captures energy from …. 5) Wave power uses the energy in …. 6) Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar ….

(cells, tides, greenhouse, potential, renewable, waves, kinetic, salinity).

Ex. 6 Find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

Воздушные потоки выходная мощность высотные участки спрос на электричество выхлопные газы диоксид углерода умеренная морская зыбь производить использовать энергия морского течения в большом масштабе циклический тепловой двигатель энергия приливов установки градиент солёности препятствия солнечные печи

moderate sea swell to yield greenhouse gases marine current power cyclic heat energy obstacles solar ovens salinity gradient tidal power electricity demand rated output altitude sites airflows carbon dioxide on a large scale to harness installations

Ex. 7 Make up your own sentences with the words from ex 6. Ex. 8 Use the suitable word given in brackets. (Consult the text)

1) This could require large … of land to be used for wind turbines. (Areas, quantity, amount) 2) Even a slow flowing stream of water can … considerable amounts of energy.(produce, capture, yield) 3) Tidal power captures energy from…(rivers, oceans, streams, tides). 4) OTEC uses the temperature difference between the warmer surface of the ocean and the colder lower … (pit, recesses, bottom). 5) Vortex power is generated by placing … in rivers. (impediment, obstacle, hindrance).

Ex. 9 Make up sentences from two parts:

1. Wave power machines usually take the form of... 2. The power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as… 3. Hydroelectric power installations are often used in ... 4. Ocean thermal energy conversion employs... 5. Vortex power is generated by placing obstacles in rivers...

water rich areas as a Remote Area Power Supply. a cyclic heat engine. in order to cause the formation of vortices which can be tapped for energy. floating structures which move relatively to one another or to a fixed point. wind speed increases, power output increases dramatically.

Ex. 10 Put the verbs in Passive forms:

1) Areas where winds are stronger and more constant such as offshore and high altitude sites (to prefer) for wind farms. 2) Kinetic energy of water (to use) in different ways. 3) Vortex power (to generate) by placing obstacles in rivers.

Ex. 11 Make up dialogues on the following topics:

1) Application of solar energy 2) Forms of water energy 3) Wind power.

Chapter 8 Ex. 1 Remember the words:

biodiesel - биодизель bagasse – выжатый сахарный тростник; жом by – product – побочный продукт cultivation - выращивание internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания boiler – котёл

liquid- жидкость

bio-alcohol - биоалкоголь vegetable oil – растительное масло diesel vehicle – дизельное транспортное средство waste - отработанный virgin - чистый fats - жиры fossil fuel – органическое топливо emission - выделение corn - зерно sugarbeet – свекла biobutanol - биобутан sorghum – сорго(хлебный злак) residue - остаток cow manure – коровий навоз handling - управление density – плотность soot – сажа, копоть polar – полярный wood - лес willow - ива perennial grass – многолетнее растение viable – жизнеспособный

pelletize - укладывать на поддон \ хранить на поддоне

Ex. 2 Read and translate the texts: Bio-fuel

Plants use photosynthesis to grow and produce biomass. Also known as bio-matter, biomass can be used directly as fuel or to produce bio-fuel. Agriculturally produced biomass fuel, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse (often a by-product of sugar cane cultivation) can be burnt in internal combustion engines or boilers. Typically bio-fuel is burnt to release its stored chemical energy. Research of more efficient methods of converting bio-fuel and other types of fuel into electricity utilizing fuel cells is an area of very active work.

Liquid bio-fuel is usually either bio-alcohol such as ethanol fuel or oil such as biodiesel or straight vegetable oil. Biodiesel can be used in modern diesel vehicles with little or no modification to the engine. It can be made of waste and virgin vegetable and animal oils and fats (lipids). Virgin vegetable oils can be used in modified diesel engines. In fact the diesel engine was originally designed to run on vegetable oil rather than fossil fuel. A major benefit of biodiesel usage is the reduction of CO2 emissions, since the carbon emitted was recently captured during the growing phase of the biomass. The use of biodiesel also reduces the emission of carbon monoxide and other pollutants from 20 to 40%.

In some areas corn, cornstalks, sugar-beet, sugar cane, and switchgrasses are grown specifically to produce ethanol (also known as grain alcohol) a liquid which can be used in internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Ethanol is being phased into the current energy infrastructure. E85 is a fuel composed of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that is sold to consumers. Bio-butane is being developed as an alternative to bio-ethanol.

Another source of bio-fuel is sweet sorghum. Sugar cane residue can be used as a bio-fuel.

Solid biomass

Solid biomass is commonly used directly as a combustible fuel, in Biomass Fuelled Power Plants producing 10-20 MJ/kg of heat. Its forms and sources include wood fuel, the biogenic portion of municipal solid waste, or the unused portion of field crops. Field crops may or may not be grown intentionally as energy crop, and the remaining plant byproduct used as a fuel. Most types of biomass contain energy. Even cow manure still contains two-thirds of the original energy consumed by the cow. Energy harvesting via a bioreactor is a cost-effective solution to the waste disposal issues faced by the dairy farmer, and can produce enough biogas to run a farm.

With current technology, solid biomass doesn’t suit to be used as a transport fuel. Most vehicles require energy sources with high power density, such as that provided by internal combustion engines. These engines generally require clean burning fuel, which is generally in liquid form, and to a lesser extent, compressed gaseous phase. Liquids are more preferred because they can have a high energy density, and they can be pumped, which makes handling easier.

Non-transport applications can usually tolerate the low power-density of external combustion engines that can run directly on less-expensive solid biomass fuel, for combined heat and power. The first type of biomass is wood, which has been used for ages. Two billion people currently cook every day and heat their houses in winter burning biomass, which is a main contribution to man-made climate change global warming. The black soot carried from Asia to polar ice caps cause them to melt faster in summer. In the 19th century wood-fired steam engines were common, contributing significantly to industrial revolution of air pollution. Coal is a form of biomass that has been used for ages to produce non-renewable, highly-polluting fossil fuel.

Wood and its byproducts can now be converted by means of gasification into bio-fuel such as wood-gas, biogas, methanol or ethanol fuel; although further development may be required to make these methods affordable and practical. Sugar cane residue, wheat chaff, corn cobs and other plant matter can be burnt quite successfully.

Processes to harvest biomass from trees like poplars and willows and perennial grasses require less frequent cultivation and less nitrogen than do typical annual crops. Pelletizing miscanthus and burning it to generate electricity is being studied and may be economically viable.

Ex. 3 Answer the following questions:

1) In what way can biomass be used? 2) What kinds of biomass fuel do you know? 3) What is the original purpose of the diesel engine? 4) What is a major benefit of biodiesel usage? 5) What plants are grown specifically to produce ethanol? 6) Is solid biomass commonly used as a combustible fuel? 7) Why is liquid fuel more preferred than solid one? 8) Is coal a renewable low – polluting fossil fuel? 9) What trees require less frequent cultivation?

Ex. 4 True or false? If the sentence is false correct it.

1) Agriculturally produced biomass fuel can be burnt in internal combustion engines or boilers. 2) It’s impossible to use biodiesel in modern diesel vehicles without modifications in the engine. 3) Biodiesel can be made from waste and virgin vegetable and animal oils and fats. 4) The use of biodiesel increases emission of carbon monoxide and other pollutants. 5) Most vehicles require energy sources with high power density. 6) In the 19 th century, wood – fired steam engines were common, significantly contributing to industrial revolution of air pollution. 7) Processes to harvest biomass from trees like poplars, willows and perennial grasses require more frequent cultivation.

Ex. 5 Insert the omitted words: (consult the text).

1) Wood and its ... can now be converted by means of …into woodgas, biogas, methanol or ethanol fuel. 2) Even cow... contains two – thirds of the original energy consumed by the cow. 3) Most vehicles require energy ... with high power density. 4) One type of biomass is ... which has been used for ages. 5) A major ... of biodiesel usage is the ... of CO2 emissions. 6) Another source of bio-fuel is sweet.... 7) Plants use ... to grow and produce biomass. 8) Biodiesel can be made from ... and ... vegetable and animal oils and fats. (Benefit, photosynthesis, manure, sources, wood, waste, sorghum, byproducts, gasification, reduction , virgin).

Ex. 6 Find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

Биоматерия высвобождать тополь ива дизельное транспортное средство отработанные и чистые растительные и животные масла жидкое биотопливо многолетнее растение коровий навоз высокая энергетическая плотность

Willow high energy density cow manure waste and virgin vegetable and animal oils perennial grasses liquid bio-fuel biomatter poplar to release diesel vehicles

Ex. 7 Find the Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

Сгораемое топливо менее дорогой Загрязнение воздуха сажа глобальное потепление ежегодный урожай кочерыжка кукурузного початка излучать сорго

Global warming sorghum corn cob to emit less expensive combustible fuel soot annual crop air pollution

Ex.8 Make up 5 sentences of your own with words from ex-s 6, 7.

Ex.9 Make up sentences from two parts:

Liquids are more preferred Two billion people cook every day and heat their houses in winter burning biomass In some areas corn, sugarbeets, sugar cane are grown specifically Bio-fuel is burnt The diesel engine was originally designed

to release its stored chemical energy. to produce ethanol. to run on vegetable oil rather than fossil fuel. because they have a high energy density. which is a major contribution to manmade climate change global warming.

Ex.10 Put the verbs in Passive forms:

1) Sugar cane residue (to use) as bio-fuel. 2) Field crops (to grow) internationally as energy crop. 3) One type of biomass is wood which (to use) for ages. 4) Wood and its byproducts (to convert) into bio-fuel. Ex. 11 Speak on the following topics:

1) The advantages of liquid fuel. 2) Kinds of bio-fuel. 3) The advantages of bio-fuel.

Ex.12 Retell the text.

Chapter 9

Ex. 1 Rambler the following words:

dryer – сушильный аппарат (сушилка) pump – насос; работать насосом; накачивать, выкачивать tank – цистерна, бак drawback - недостаток modulate – модулировать hemisphere – полушарие angle - угол latitude - широта batch – группа, комплект to coat - покрывать infra-red - инфракрасный to average – в среднем равняться circuit - цепь fluid - жидкость heat exchanger - теплообменник solar heating system – солнечная система отопления heat storage – тепловой аккумулятор/накопление теплоты storage reservoir – водохранилище/резервуар для хранения glycol - гликоль thermal capacity - теплоёмкость emissivity – коэффициент излучения ambient – окружающая среда glass plate – стеклянная пластина to exploit - использовать greenhouse effect – парниковый эффект convection - конвенция absorber - поглотитель flow rate – расход/интенсивность подачи (кислорода) heat transfer– теплопередача absorbed heat – поглощённое тепло to back up - поддерживать to mount – устанавливать, монтировать

Ex.2 Read and translate the text: