Notes to the text:

1. To take twice as much energy – затрачивать вдвое больше энергии

2. Particle-wave duality - корпускулярно-волновой дуализм. Это физический принцип, согласно которому любой объект может проявлять как волновые, так и корпускулярные свойства.

3. The Schrödinger equation- уравне́ние Шрёдингера. В квантовой физике это ключевое уравнение, связывающее пространственно-временное распределение с помощью представлений о волновой функции.

4. Extruder - экструдер (от лат. extrudo - выталкиваю), машина для размягчения материалов и придания им формы путём продавливания через профилирующий инструмент, сечение которого соответствует конфигурации изделия. В экструдере получают главным образом изделия из термопластичных полимерных материалов, используют их также для переработки резиновых смесей (в этом случае экструдер часто называют шприц-машиной).

5. −459.67 °F ; the Fahrenheit scale - шкала Фаренгейта, используемая в основном, в Англии и в США. Ноль градусов Цельсия — это 32 градуса Фаренгейта, а градус Фаренгейта равен 5/9 градуса Цельсия.

6. 0º K; the Kelvin scale - Шкала температур Кельвина, в которой начало отсчёта ведётся от абсолютного нуля.

Ex.5 Look through the text of exercise 4 again and answer the questions.

1. What does thermodynamics study? 2. What does quantum mechanics deal with? 3. How do you understand the expression ‘particle-wave duality’? 4. Does the Schrödinger equation play any important part in quantum mechanics? 5. Can you explain in your own words the difference between ‘quantity’ and ‘quality’? 6. What is each law of thermodynamics about? 7. Is it possible for any system to reach absolute zero? 8. What types of temperature scales do you know?

Ex.6 Match parts of sentences and translate these sentences.

Thermodynamics is a discipline that	the absolute entropy is zero for any perfect crystalline substance at a temperature of absolute zero.
The state of any system is described by the wave function,	describes macroscopic quantities, such as heat, work, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, etc.
If you know the probable states of a single isolated polymer	while 1 kg of gold is the “quantity”.
As a system approaches absolute zero of temperature	but principles that have never been violated.
The concentration of gold in sea water is the “quality”,	all processes virtually cease.
Third law states that	which is the solution of the Schrödinger equation.
The “Laws” of thermodynamics are not laws,	then you can predict the thermodynamic properties of 10 kg of the polymer in an extruder by applying the techniques of statistical mechanics.

Ex.7 True or false? If the sentence is false correct it.

1. Particle-wave duality states that all energy and all matter behave both like a wave and like a particle. 2. Thermodynamics is a discipline that deals with conversion of energy.3. Laws of thermodynamics can be applied to such systems as the balance of energy and matter transfer. 4. Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that heat can be converted into work and work into heat. 5. The Kelvin scale came about because of the third law of thermodynamics.6. As a system approaches absolute zero of temperature all processes are actuated and the entropy of the system asymptotically approaches a maximum value. 7. Quantum mechanics tells us that energy and other quantities are not continuous, but discrete.

Ex.8 Find in the text “Thermodynamics” sentences with the verb in Passive Voice and translate them.

Ex.9 Read about history of thermodynamics. Translate the text with the dictionary. Make up 5 general questions.

Classical thermodynamics is the early 1800s variation of the original thermodynamics, concerned with thermodynamic states and properties, such as energy, work and heat, and with the laws of thermodynamics, all lacking an atomic interpretation.

Classical thermodynamics derives from chemist Robert Boyle’s 1662 postulate that the pressure P of a given quantity of gas varies inversely as its volume V at constant temperature; i.e. in equation form: PV = k, a constant. From here, a semblance of a thermo-science began to develop with the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines in England by Thomas Savery in 1697 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712. The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).

With the development of atomic and molecular theories in the late 1800s and early 1900s, thermodynamics was given a molecular interpretation. This field, called statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamics, relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, thereby explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics and mechanics (classical and quantum) at the microscopic level. The statistical approach is in contrast to classical thermodynamics, which is a more phenomenological approach that does not include microscopic details. The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs.

Ex.10 Make up a plan to the text “Thermodynamics”. Speak about thermodynamics according to your plan.