Angl_yaz_Zdanie_127_Glebovsky_12

Урок 2.10

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

STEERING

How the driver controls the car/What the mechanism has to do

Allcarsaresteeredbyturningthefrontwheelsintherequireddirection andallowingtherearwheelstofollow.Therewouldbeseveraldisadvantages in trying to steer a car by its rear wheels, the main one being that the car would be directionally unstable.

Major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be preciseandeasytohandle,andthatthefrontwheelsshouldhaveatendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn.

The steering must not ‘kick back’ from road shocks, although there must be some degree of reaction from the road to the driver.

The steering column which encloses and supports the steering shaft often carries controls such as the windscreen wiper and washer, horn and light switches.

A combined headlamp-flasher and dip-switch unit is frequentlyfitted just below the steering wheel, with a direction indicator switch opposite it.

Some cars still have the gear-selector lever on the steeringcolumn. Some Europeanmodelshavetheleverjustbelowtheinstrumentpanel.Manyhavean adjustable steering column, so that the wheel can be moved to suit the driver.

Considerable research has been carried out in recent years to save the driver against injuries caused by the steering wheel (or column) when the car is in a front-end collision.

The steering column can be designed to collapse on impact. For example, the tubular column may be made of an ‘expanded-metal’ grid so that, although strongin twist, it collapses andabsorbsenergyif compressed along its length.Atelescopic joint is provided in the steering shaft.

Another design divides the steering shaft into sections which are connected by joints, but not placed in line.

The steering wheel is ‘dished’ and provided with a large boss and wide spokes in order to spread the load of impact over the driver’s chest. The wheel or boss can also be designed to collapse when under a predetermined load.

Notes:

boss [] n. ступица (рулевого колеса) dip-switch [] переключатель света фар

direction indicator switch [] переключатель указателя поворотов

dished [] adj. вогнутый

‘expanded-metal’ grid []растянутая металлическая решётка

flasher [] n. мигающий световой указатель recent [] adj. недавний

research [] n. исследование tubular [] adj. трубчатый

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.How are all cars steered?

2.Whatwouldbethemaindisadvantageofsteeringacarbyitsrearwheels?

3.What are the major requirements in any steering mechanism?

4.What does the steering column often carry?

5.How can injuries caused by the steering wheel in a front-end collision be avoided?

6.Whyis the steeringwheelprovidedwithalargeboss andwide spokes?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

adjustable(adj.),ahead(adv.),chest(n.),collapse(v.),collision(n.),controls (n.), directionally (adv.), European (adj.), handle (v.), headlamp (n.), horn (n.),impact(n.),injury(n.),instrument(n.),just(adv.),kickback(v.),major (adj.),panel(n.),spread(v.),stable(adj.),steeringwheel,still(adv.),tendency (n.), washer (n.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

вал рулевого колеса; выполнять; годиться, устраивать; задний; значительный, важный;лёгкий;направление;обеспечивать;передний; перекладина; поворачивать; поддерживать; рулевая колонка; рычаг; следовать за; соединение, разъём; точный; требование.

Упражнение3.Найдитевтекстетермины,связанныессистемой рулевого управления автомобиля. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует автомобильному термину.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот с причастием и без него.

1.A combined headlamp-flasher and dip-switch unit is frequently fitted just below the steering wheel, with a direction indicator switch opposite it.

2.There would be several disadvantages in tryingto steera car byits rear wheels, the main one being that the car would be unstable.

3.Engine burns fuel and converts the heat into mechanical energy, the temperatures inside the engine over 700°C.

4.In most modern designs, the wishbones are neither of equal length nor parallel, the upper one the shorter.

5.Snow,ice andmudmakethe roadslippery,the driven wheelsspinning.

6.The top end of each connecting rod is fitted inside the piston to the gudgeon pin, the gudgeon pin usually hollow in order to save weight.

7.The compression ratio too high, the burning will not be progressive.

8.Theactioncycleinmostcarenginesisthe4-stroke,thepowerstrokeof the piston once every four strokes.

9.Viscosity too thick, oil won’t allow the moving parts to slide easily.

10.Theclutchbeinglockedbyspringpressuretotheannulus,theoverdrive is not in operation.

Упражнение 2. Переведите слова с отрицательной приставкой dis- опираясь на значение исходного слова.

Упражнение 3. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзные определительные придаточные предложения.

1.The device provides the driverwiththe extra leverage he needs to steer the road wheels without excessive effort.

2.Thepropellershafttransmitsthefullenginepowerthegearingincreases manytimes.

3.The braking effort should be distributed between the front and rear wheels in proportion to the weight they carry.

4.Theflywheelruns atveryhighspeeds thecrownwheelandpinionhave to reduce before power is transmitted to the road wheels.

5.In the search for improved ride and handling independent front suspension the designers sometimes used at the rear instead of a beam axle was adopted.

Упражнение4.Задайтеобщий,альтернативный,разделительный и5 специальныхвопросовкподчёркнутомувтексте Апредложению.

Тексты В

STEERING

Different steering systems

Acar is steeredthrougha steeringgearbox anda linkage– a system of rods and levers designed to give the driver directional control with minimum effort.

The amount of reduction of effort – or leverage – to be provided by the steering box depends on the weight, type and use of the car. A light sports car requires little reduction but a heavy car requires a big reduction and/or some form of power assistance to make low-speed turns.

The steering wheel itself is attached to a shaft which is enclosed in a supportingtubeknownasthesteeringcolumn.Theshaftisconnectedtoasteering gearbox, whichconverts the turningmotionof the steeringwheel into a to-and- fro movement of the steering linkage and provides the driver with the extra leverage he needs to steer the road wheels without excessive effort.

Varioustypesofsteeringboxesusedovertheyearsincludethoseknown as the cam and peg, worm and nut, and recirculating ball; but most cars today use a rack-and-pinion system.

With this design, a toothed rack is moved by a small pinion at the lower end of the steering shaft.When the steering wheel is turned, the rack moves from side to side and causes the stub axles – the two short shafts on which thefront wheels aremounted –to swivel.On carswithmoderntypes of independent front suspension, the stub axles swivel on two widely separated hemispherical bearings.

Notes:

cam and peg [] (рулевой механизм) с червяком и

кривошипом

hemispherical [] adj. полусферический leverage [] n. выигрыш в силе за счёт рычага

recirculating ball [] (рулевой механизм) с винтом и шариковой гайкой

to-and-fro [] adj. колебательный

worm and nut [] (рулевой механизм) с винтом и гайкой

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.How is a car steered?

2.What does the leverage depend on?

3.How does the leverage depend on the type of the car?

4.How is the steering wheel connected to a steering gearbox?

5.Which type of steering box is used today?

6.How does a rack-and-pinion system work?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте предложения с придаточными определительными и переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Задайте 4 специальных вопроса к тексту В.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

rack (n.), rack-and-pinion.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

adjust v. – adjustable adj. – adjustment n. stable adj. – stability n.

Урок 2.11

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Power-assisted systems/The benefits of power assistance

Many cars are fitted with power-assisted steering as standard equipment. It reduces the effort needed to turn the steering wheel and it makes manoeuvring at low speed – when parking in a confined space, for instance – much easier than with conventional steering.

Power assistance may also contribute to safety. With conventional steering, some steering wheels may be wrenched out of a driver’s grip if a tyre bursts or if the car hits a large bump. Power-assisted steering reduces

thesteeringwheel‘kickingback’andcanhelpthedrivertocorrectasudden swerve.

Mostsystemsusehydraulicfluidoralightoil,suppliedunderpressure by an engine-driven pump from a separate hydraulic tank. If the system fails, the car can still be steered manually. When the steering is not being moved in either direction the fluid passes through two equal-sized ports, giving equal pressure to both sides of a piston in a ram connected to the linkage.

Movementofthesteeringwheelfirsttakesupasmallamountofslack, which is used to open one port and close the other. The fluid then applies pressure to one side of the piston, which moves the steering linkage in the required direction.

The main components of the system are the pump which supplies the fluid, driven either by an extension on the generator or by a V-belt, sensing valves operated by movement of the steering wheel or by deflection of the road wheels, the ram and piston assembly, and connecting pipes.

In the Adwest power-assisted rack-and-pinion steering system, the hydraulic assisting pressure is controlled and directed by a rotary valve.

Rotation of the steering column turns this control valve, directing the hydraulic pressure to one side or the other of a piston mounted on the rack memberitself.

This hydraulic pressure then moves the rack member to the left or right, increasing the effort applied by the driver to the steering wheel.

Notes:

confined [] adj. ограниченный deflection [] n. отклонение kicking back [] отдача (назад)

manoeuvring [] n. маневрирование sensing valve [] сенсорный клапан slack [] n. пауза

swerve [] n. отклонение от курса V-belt [] n. клиновой ремень wrench [] v. вывёртывать

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What does power-assisted steering provide?

2.How does power-assisted steering contribute to safety?

3.What do most systems use?

4.What happens whenthe steeringis notbeingmovedineitherdirection?

5.What happens when the steering is being moved?

6.What are the main components of the system?

7.What does the Adwest power-assisted rack-and-pinion steering system feature?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

assist (v.), benefit (n.), burst (v.), contribute (v.), equipment (n.), fail (v.), generator (n.), hit (v.), left (adj.), manually (adv.), power-assisted steering, ram (n.), safety (n.), standard (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

увеличивать, усиливать; вращение; направление; усилие; рейка; внезапный, неожиданный; направлять; обычный, традиционный; захват;уменьшать,сокращать;снабжать,питать;бачок,резервуар;тем не менее, однако; одинаковый, равный; отверстие, канал; насадка, надставка; насос с приводом от двигателя; маловязкое масло.

Упражнение3.Найдитевтекстетермины,связанныессистемой рулевого управления автомобиля. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Anti-roll bar

Ananti-rollbarisa…rod,straightatthefront,whichrunstransversely along the front of the car and is bent backwards at either end … meet the lower suspension struts. Along the straight centre section it is normally attached to the vehicle’s body, or sub-frame, at … points.At the outer ends it is fixed to the suspension arms.

When a vehicle … in motion, the two arms of the anti-roll bar move upanddownwiththesuspen­sion…itgoesoverbumps intheroadandhas no effect on controlling wheel movement. When the car …, sideways roll occurs which, … centrifugal (центробежный) force, transfers weight to the outside springs. Under these forces the anti-roll bar, … moving up and down is subjected to a twisting action. This … the amount of roll possible and depending on the thickness (толщина) of the bar, roll is minimised.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные конструкции Complex Subject и Complex Object.

1.Theamountofreductionofeffortprovidedbythesteeringboxisknown to depend on the weight, type and use of the car.

2.This system proved to help the wheels to follow road irregularities and it does not cause the camber to vary much.

3.Noiselevelisconsideredtobeadrawback(недостаток)withair-cooled engines.

4.They mustn’t cause the wheels to move any significant distance backwards,forwardsorsideways,oraltertheirangleoftilttoanyserious degree.

5.The wheel is known to collapse when under a pre-determined load.

6.When the steering wheel is turned, the rack moves from side to side and causes the stub axles to swivel.

7.Smallvariationsinexhausttemperatureshavebeenfoundtocausequite large variations in the formation of exhaust-passage deposits.

8.The suspension must not allow these forces to deflect the car from the course chosen by the driver.

9.The rear suspension is meant to position the axle in a way that minimises the bouncing.

10.Considerableresearchisknowntobecarriedoutinrecentyears tosave the driver against injuries caused by the steering wheel

Упражнение 2. Переведите сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными уступки.

1.The steering must not ‘kick back’ from road shocks, although there must be some degree of reaction from the road to the driver.

2.Though this is the best ratio for an internal combustion engine, the engine will not be running on this mixture all the time.

3.Although modern cars differ in style, performance and cost, they have the same principles.

4.Althoughthetubularcolumnmadeofan‘expanded-metal’gridisstrong in twist,it collapses andabsorbs energyif compressedalongits length.

5.Though the first steam-powered vehicle had been built in 1672, the first production of automobiles began only 200 years later – in 1888.

6.The firing order in a 4-cylinder engine is usually 1, 3, 4, 2 although 1, 2, 4, 3 order is also used to give even turning of the crankshaft.

Упражнение 3. Определите функцию it в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.

1.Itwasonceadisadvantageofthisdesignthatthedischadtobeperforated to allow for the passage of cooling air to the brakes.

2.The flywheel, a heavy disc that is carefully balanced is fitted at the gearboxend ofthecrankshaftand helpssmoothrunningasitmaintains a steady rate of turning.

3.It is dangerous to reverse a wheel so that it is mounted back to front.

4.Most blocks are made of cast iron because it is strong, cheap and easy for mass-production.

5.Inatorqueconverter,thevanes ofthelockedreactordirecttheoilalong a more suitable path back to the centre of the impeller, and enable it to give extra thrust to the turbine blades.

6.Usually, it is only the more expensive rear-drive models, which have independent suspension on the back wheels.

7.If theengine is installedalongthe lineofthecar,itis usualtosandwich the final drive between it and the gearbox for compactness.

8.It is not enough for a wheel to be round: it must also be strong, light, well-balanced, resilient to some forces and stiff against others.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 6 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст В

STEERING

Cornering/Effects of oversteering and understeering

Adhesion between the tyres and the road makes it possible to steer a car around curves; it is forced to leave a straight path by the lateral forces applied to it by the rolling tyres.

Because a tyre is flexible, the direction in which it rolls on a curve changes to some extent from the direction in which the wheel is pointed. This change is called the slip angle, although it would be more accurately described as creep.

At low speeds and on gentle curves, the slip angles are small; sharp, fast cornering results in much larger slip angles up to a breakaway point

when the tyre slides sideways in a skid. Slip angles also depend upon tyre design, the load carried by the tyre and other factors, such as road surface conditions.

A car is said to understeer when the slip angles of the front tyres are greater thanthose of the rear tyres; the car tries to run wide on a bendin the road and the driver has to correct this by extra movement of the steering wheel.

An oversteering car is one in which the slip angles at the rear are greater than those at the front; the car responds easily to the steering and willrequirelessinitialsteering-wheelmovement.Neutralsteermeansequal front and rear slip angles.

Most cars are designed to give some understeer in normal driving conditions;buttheirbehaviourwilloftenchangetoneutralsteerandthento oversteerif corneringspeedsareprogressivelyincreased.Asharpchangeto oversteer can be dangerous.

Notes:

adhesion [] n. сцепление gentle [] adj. плавный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What makes it possible to steer a car around curve?

2.Why does the direction in which a tyre rolls on a curve change?

3.How can the slip angle be more accurately described?

4.What does sharp cornering result in?

5.When is a car understeered?

6.What is an oversteering car?

7.What happens if cornering speeds are progressively increased?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте предложение с инфинитивной конструкцией Complex Subject и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте местоимение it, определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте слово one, определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 6 вопросов различных типов к тексту B. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

behaviour (n.), breakaway (n.), creep (n.), describe (v.), extent (n.), lateral (adj.), sharp (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

assist v. – assistance n. safe adj. – safety n.

Урок 2.12

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в спискеA, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

BODYWORK

Different methods of construction/Advantages and disadvantages of combining the chassis with the car body

A car can be made either of a separate chassis frame and body shell bolted together, or of a combination of chassis and shell in a single selfsupporting assembly.

The most common construction is the combined body and chassis usuallycalledaunitarystructure.Itsmainadvantageovertheseparatechassis

design is that, because parts of the panelling contribute to the strength, the structure can be lighter.

Unitaryconstruction hasthree variations– fullyunitary, semi-unitary, and unitary with sub-frames. The fully unitary type is a completely self- supportingchassis-bodystructure,consistingofsheet-steelpressingswhich are welded together, and is well suited to the small and medium-sized car. Resistancetobending(bendingstiffness)isderivedpartlyfrombox-section sills along the outside edges of the floor unit, between the front and rear wheels.

With front-engined rear-wheel-drive cars, extra strength is obtained from the central transmission tunnel that is formed in the floor. In some designs,otherstiffenersareincorporatedunderthefloor.Theroofofasaloon model adds to thestiffness, as it is connectedto the floorbythe door pillars and body panels. The bulkheads, reinforced structures at front and back of thepassenger section, provide the main resistance totwisting, though some resistance comes, too, from the ‘boxing-in’ effect of the wings and roof, connected by the windscreen and quarter pillars.

A fully unitary structure has its disadvantages – particularly in productioncosts.Becausethepanellingispartofthecarstructure,therepair of accident damage can be very expensive.

A minor disadvantage of this construction is that in a normal saloon the rear-end is much stiffer with a high sill to the boot than with a low one, sothatluggageoftenhastobeliftedquitehighduringloadingandunloading.

Notes:

boot [] n. багажник

boxing-in effect [] эффект «упаковки» bulkhead [] n. перегородка

pillar [] n. стойка pressing [] n. штамповка

reinforce [] v. усиливать, армировать repair [] n. ремонт

saloon [] n. кузов типа седан sill [] n. нижний брус

stiffener [] n. элемент жёсткости tunnel [] n. туннель

wing [] n. крыло

96

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.How can a car be made?

2.What is the main advantage of the combined body and chassis?

3.What are the variations of unitary construction?

4.What does the fully unitary structure feature?

5.Where is resistance to bending partly derived from?

6.What stiffeners are used to obtain extra strength of the structure?

7.What provides the main resistance to twisting?

8.What are the disadvantages of a fully unitary structure?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какимиименно? Как онивэтомслучае переводятсяна русский язык?

accident (n.), door (n.), floor (n.), roof (n.), unitary (adj.).

Упражнение2.Переведитеследующиеслованаанглийскийязык:

незначительный; довольно; во время; погрузка; отдельный; корпус; крепить болтом; до сих пор, всё ещё; европейский; фара; прибор; регулируемый; столкновение; высота; средний; узел; объединять; преимущество; полностью; приваривать; годиться; изгиб; коробчатое сечение.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией кузова автомобиля. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

97

Упражнение 5. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует автомобильному термину.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на усилительное использование слова to do.

1.The bodywork does protect occupants in an accident.

2.It does take 2.67 gm of oxygen to burn 1 gm of carbon.

3.Power-assistedsteeringdoesreducetheeffortneededtoturnthesteering wheel and it makes manoeuvring at low speed much easier than with conventional steering.

4.Therearsuspensiondoeshavetocarrythegreaterpartoftheextraweight of passengers and luggage.

5.Designers do try to reduce the number of parts and weight of the valveoperating gear

6.Thefootbrake does actuate allfourbrakes simultaneouslyas longas the pedal is depressed.

7.Electronic systems do enable more precise ignition control.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время и залог сказуемого.

1.In the search for improved ride and handling, designers have adopted independent front suspension

2.Theneedforlightnesscombinedwithstrengthhasbeengoverningwheel design since the earliest days of motoring.

3.Damping is the ability to absorb some of the energy of a spring after it has been compressed.

4.Considerable research has been carried out in recent years to save the driver against injuries caused by the steering wheel

5.Many accidents have occurred when badly rusted parts have failed at speed.

6.Designers have been turning their attention increasingly to safety and car interiors are becoming much less likely to cause injury.

7.Glass (стекло) for windscreens has been much improved.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции причастия ІІ.

1.Springs that are right for the loaded car will be too stiff with only the driver to carry.

2.Once seated, the driver should be able to see the various instruments.

3.The rear suspension should be designed to position the axle in a way that minimises the bouncing.

4.When added fore-and-aft torque-control links reduce variations in axle tilt under different driving conditions.