Angl_yaz_Zdanie_127_Glebovsky_12

5.Why are center-lock disk wheels fitted to some sports cars?

6.What is an additional advantage of centre-lock mountings?

Грамматическое упражнение

Упражнение 1. Найдите втексте причастие IIвфункции определения и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте независимый причастный оборот и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте инфинитив и переведите его в зависимости от той функции, которую он выполняет.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

dangerous(adj.), evolve(v.), location(n.),minimise(v.), nut(n.),otherwise (adv.), seating (n.), soft (adj.), sports car, within (prep.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

require v. – requirement n. stiff adj. – stiffness n.

Урок 2.8

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в спискеA, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

Текст А

SUSPENSION

Basic principles/Reason for suspension

Unfortunately, a perfect road does not exist. Nor does an ideal suspension system that will cope equallywell with alltypes of road surface and driving.

A good suspension system must have springiness and damping. Springinessisanelasticresistancetoaload;dampingistheabilitytoabsorb some of the energy of a spring after it has been compressed. Damping converts work energy into heat energy. To reduce noise and add further

softness, springs are mounted on rubber; and a car suspension system incorporates a final cushioning in seating the occupants’ bodies, as a laststage protection against vibration.

In fulfilling their primary functions of cushioning the body and occupants ofa carfromroad shocks, the springs act as reservoirs of energy.

Steel springs store this energy by being bent, as in the case of leaf springs, or by being twisted, as in the case of coil springs or the rod in a torsion-barspring.The energyis releasedbythespring resumingitsnormal state.

Leaf springs are generally referred to as semi-elliptic. Their two ends areattachedtothecarframeorstructurebyboltssupportedinrubberbushes, and the middle of the spring is clamped to the axle. If the spring is fitted across the body, the middle is located on the frame and the ends on the wheel carriers.

The best energy-storingshape for a givenweight of springis circular; and a coil spring stores the energy produced by up-and-down movement in the most efficient way.

Wherecoilspringsareused,theendcoilsusuallysitsquare,forstability, upon the surfaces through which the load is applied, andact as the leverfor the twist to be applied to the rest of the spring.

Atorsion bar, which has one end anchored to the car structure and the other to a component subjected to loading, stores energywhen it is twisted. Thetwistisappliedatthis endbya lever.Thetorsionbarisoftenusedas an anti-roll device.

Notes:

anchor [] v. крепить, закреплять

anti-roll [] adj. противодействующий крену bush [] n. вкладыш, втулка

cushioning [] n. амортизация, защита damping [] n. амортизация, демпфирование elastic [] adj. упругий

fulfil [] v. осуществлять

semi-elliptic [] adj. полуэллиптический softness [] n. мягкость

springiness [] n. упругость square [] adj. квадратный

62

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What must a good suspension system have?

2.What does springiness provide?

3.What does damping do?

4.How do the springs function (функционировать)?

5.How are leaf springs attached to the car frame?

6.What is the best energy-storing shape for a spring?

7.What does a torsion bar do?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

ability (n. ), exist (v. ), frame (n. ), leaf spring, loading (n. ), middle (n. ), perfect (adj. ), resume (v. ), sit (v. ), stability (n. ), state (n. ).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

впротивномслучае;торсион;сохранять;включать всебя;спортивный автомобиль; тело; спиральная пружина; середина; резина; сводить к минимуму; говорить о, называть; прикреплять; гайка; вождение; сжимать; резервуар; после того, как; к сожалению; шум; поверхность; устанавливать; внутри; уменьшать; существовать; сопротивление.

Упражнение3.Найдитевтекстетермины,связанныессистемой подвески автомобиля. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

63

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

(Продолжение. Начало в упражнении 5 урока 2.7, стр.56)

Systems of parking-brake operation

The…levermaypullonasinglecable,whichisconnectedtoapivoted T-piece to transmit the pull … to both brakes, or there may be two cables from the handbrake lever, one to each brake.

When disc brakes are used on the rear wheels, there are sometimes two pairs of pads straddling (захватывать) the disc, with one pair operated hydraulically … the pedal and the … pair cam-operated by the handbrake cables.

In another arrangement, small drum brakes, … by the hand lever, are embodied (заключать) in the rear disc brakes.

Some disc-brake systems are … ar­ranged that the same pair of discs is used for both footbrake and handbrake operation. When the footbrake is de­pressedthepower…hydrau­licallyto theworkingpiston; forparking, a mechanical linkage operated by the handbrake … the locking force.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции герундия и герундиальные обороты.

1.I don’t like your taking the car without my permission (разрешение).

2.Infulfillingtheirprimaryfunctionsofcushioningthebodyandoccupants of a car from road shocks, the springs act as reservoirs of energy.

3.Locking the wheels by heavy braking is much more likely on slippery roads, so caution is needed on such surface.

4.The wheel is positioned by matching tapered faces within the wheel centre and on its hub, the splines enabling driving or braking forces to be transmitted from one to the other.

5.As well as positioning the wheels and transmitting loads to the spring, the wishbone (рычаг независимой подвески) must also resist acceleration , braking and cornering forces.

6.The disc expands slightly with the heat, but instead of moving away from the pads the disc moves nearer to them.

7.Thebackingplatestakethetorquereactiononthecalliperduringbraking.

8.Corneringcanbecombinedwithaccelerationorbraking,whichsubjects the wheel to different stresses at the same time.

9.The need for lightness combined with strength has governed wheel design since the earliest days of motoring.

10.Byusinga slightlymoreexpensive techniquethe holes are swagedand this actually increases the strength of the wheel.

11.The centrelockwas evolvedtoenable racing-car wheels tobe changed quickly by knocking off the nut with a soft-headed hammer.

12.Radials are intolerant of inaccuracies of wheel centring

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на усилительную конструкцию it is … that/who ….

1.It is a silencer that breaks up or absorbs the sound waves and reduces them to a noise level that is socially acceptable.

2.It is a 12 volt battery that provides the primary source of power which starts the engine.

3.It was Ferdinand Verbiest who built the first steam-powered vehicle.

4.It was in 1791 that Ivan Kulibin finished his work on a vehicle with a steam engine.

5.ItisOtto-cyclegasolinefour-cyclepistonenginethatthegreatestnumber of automobiles uses.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции причастия ІІ.

1.Themostcommontypeofwheelmountingconsists ofeitherfourorfive threaded studs equally spaced in a circle around the hub flange.

2.Theneedforlightnesscombinedwithstrengthhasgovernedwheeldesign since the earliest days of motoring.

3.Pressureappliedanywhereinafluidis transmittedequallythroughoutit.

4.When the pedal is released, the master cylinder becomes connected to a reservoir from which fluid can flow by gravity.

5.The reduction is achieved by an assembly called the crown wheel and pinion.

6.A pinion on the propeller shaft drives a larger gear, the crown wheel mounted in the centre of the axle housing.

7.Inordertoobtaintherequirednumberofgearcombinations,anautomatic gearbox has two, three or four sets of planets compounded together.

8.Thebestenergy-storingshapeforagivenweightofthespringiscircular.

Упражнение 4. Задайте три вопроса к подлежащему, три – к определению подлежащего и три разделительных вопроса к тексту А.

Текст В

SUSPENSION

Advantages of hydraulic dampers

Dampers,oftenincorrectlyreferredtoas“shockabsorbers”,dampout vibrations so that springs do not continuously bounce up and down.

Theproblem of good suspensionis thatthereshouldbe no build-up of oscillations in the various parts of the suspension system – which includes thetyresandseats,aswellasthesprings.Eachspringhasitsownfrequency of vibration, and so has each damper. It is the difference between these frequencies, along with the amount of damping that curbs resonance and gives a comfortable ride.

Themostwidelyuseddampertodayistelescopic–acylindercontaining a piston on a rod. The closed end of the cylinder is attached to the wheelcarryinglinkage or axle, and the outer end of the rod,whichpasses through a sealing gland on the cylinder, is connected to the car body.

Reliefvalvesandleakpassagesprovidecontrolledflowoftheoileach way through the piston. The space above the piston is smaller than that below it, for it contains the piston rod; and this space cannot accept all the oil pushedby the pistonasit travels toward the lowerendof the cylinder.A valve controls the escape of thesurplus oilinto a reservoirwhichsurrounds the cylinder.

As the damper extends, the piston does not push enough oil from the top section of the cylinder to fill the lower, which is topped up from the reservoir through a valve.

The reservoir is kept under pressure by sealing the damper.

Notes:

leak [ ] отвод, утечка

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What do dampers do?

2.What should be avoided in good suspension?

3.What is the design of a telescopic damper?

4.Why is the space above the piston smaller than that below it?

5.How is the reservoir kept under pressure?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте предложение с конструкцией it is…that… и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение2.Найдитевтекстесловасокончанием– ing. Определите к какойчастиречиони относятся,какуюфункциювыполняют и переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

accept (v.), frequency (n.), own (adj.), seat (n.), section (n.), shock absorber, telescopic (adj.), various (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

frequent adj. – frequently adv. – frequency n. accept v. – acceptable adj.

Текст C

SUSPENSION

Systems for the front wheels/Wheels move up and down independently

In an independent front-suspension system, each front wheel is connected to the car body by its own linkage and springing, so that its movement does not affect that of the other wheel. The two separate suspensions may be joined by an anti-roll bar which is hinged across the

chassis, bent, and joined to the lower wishbone on each side to resist body roll when cornering.

An important feature of front suspension is that the wheels have to be steered as well as moving up and down. When a car corners or goes over bumps, it is subjected through the wheels to a variety of forces.

Thesuspensionmustnotallowtheseforces todeflect thecar fromthe course chosen by the driver. Nor must they cause the wheels to move any significantdistance backwards,forwardsorsideways,oraltertheir angleof tilt to any serious degree.

One common form of independent front suspension is the doublewishbone system.In this, twowishbone linksare hingedattheirbroadends to the body or sub-frame of the car, and at their narrow ends to the swivel memberswhichhavestubaxlestocarrythewheels.Betweeneachwishbone assemblyandthecarstructureareaspringandahydraulicdampertointercept road shocks.

As well aspositioningthe wheels and transmittingloadsto the spring, the wish­bones must also resist acceleration, braking and cornering forces.

Thegeometryofthewishbonelayout–thelengths,positionsandangles of thelinks–governsthepathof the wheelswhenthecarridesoverbumps; this path in turn affects steering, road-holding and tyre wear.

If the upper and lower wishbones are parallel and of equal length, the wheels will not tilt as they move up and down over bumps. However, the track (distance between the wheels, across the car) does change somewhat, with bad effect on tyre life. On corners, the wheels lean outwards with the body, which reduces their cornering ability.

Inmostmodern designs,thewishbones areneitherof equallengthnor parallel,theupperonebeingtheshorter.Hencethewheelnolongerremains upright as it moves up or down over bumps, but leans slightly inwards.

This gives bettercorneringcharacteristics than theotherlayout: when the body rolls outwards, the outside wheel which carries the greater load andtherefore exerts the higher corneringpowerof the tworemains more or less at right angles to the road surface.

MacPherson strut assembly

Instead of using double wishbones, some suspension systems have a telescopic strut, anchored at its top to the body structure by a flexible mounting. It has a transverse-link arrangement to locate the lower end.

Thelowerlinkshavetolocatethewheelinsuchapositionthatneither suspension movement nor braking force deflects the wheel unduly from its correct position. This can be achieved by a wishbone with its wide base toward the centre-line of the car or a single strut and an anti-roll bar.

These are attached to the body structure via rubber-bonded bushes to reducetransmittednoiseandgiveadegreeofcomplianceorlimitedrelative movement.Toabsorb road shocks, a coil spring surrounds theupper part of the strut, which contains a hydraulic damper.

This systemismechanicallysimple,ithelps thewheels tofollow road irregularities and it does not cause the camber to vary much. But the body has to be strong where the strut is attached.

Notes:

anti-roll bar [[] стабилизатор поперечной устойчивости deflect [] v. отклонять

hinge [] v. крепить на шарнирах intercept [] v. сдерживать

strut assembly [] амортизационная стойка в сборе с пружиной

upright [] adj. вертикальный

wishbone [] n. (поперечный треугольный) рычаг независимой подвески

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.How does an independent front suspension work?

2.What is an important feature of front suspension?

3.What must not the suspension allow?

4.Whatisthedesignofacommonformofindependentfrontsuspension?

5.What must the wish­bones resist?

6.What does the geometry of the wishbone layout govern?

7.Whydoes thewheel lean slightlyinwards as it moves up or down over bumps?

8.Whatare thefeatures(характеристики)ofMacPhersonstrutassembly?

9.Why does a coil spring surround the upper part of the strut?

10.What does the systemrequire?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и словосочетания, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

Урок 2.9

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в спискеA, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

SUSPENSION

Systems for the rear wheels/The problems of extra weight

Therear suspensionhasto carrythe greaterpart of theextraweight of passengers andluggage. Ifthe suspen­sion springs are stiff enough onlyfor the car with driver, they will be too soft for the car when it is fully loaded. Springs thatare right for the loaded carwill be too stiff with onlythe driver to carry. The same occurs with the settings of dampers, which prevent the springs from bouncing.

To solve this problem the rear suspension may include driving axles with leaf springs; driving axles with other types of springs and positioning devices;andvariationsofindependentsuspension,usingleaforcoilsprings, torsion bars, rubber, Hydrolastic elements or compressed gases.

Thedrivingaxlescombinetheright-angledrive,differential,axleshafts and wheel-hub mountings in one rigid unit. This unit, known as a live axle, isconnectedtothepropellershaft, andisattachedtothe vehiclestructure in such a way that it can move up and down on its springs and can cope with the loads and the torque, or turning forces, imposed on it.

The rear suspension should be designed also to position the axle in a way that minimises the bouncing.

Dampers,whichsuppressbouncingofthesprings,aremostlyhydraulic, and the telescopic type is chosen in preference to the piston type widely used earlier.

The simplest design that combines springing and positioning or locating, of the rear axle is known as the Hotchkiss drive. In this a pair of leaf springs is set as far apart on the axle as possible.

Theaxlemaybecarriedexactlyinthemiddleofthesprings,butmany axles are set forward from the middle to give a downward tilt as the axle rises when riding over bumps.

To reduce variations in axle tilt under different driving conditions, some rear suspensions have fore-and-aft torque-control links (links controlling forward-and-backward twisting movement), added to the leaf springs.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What does the rear suspension have to carry?

2.What may the rear suspension include?

3.How is a live axle attached to the vehicle structure?

4.How should the rear suspension be designed?

5.Which types of dampers are mostly used?

6.What does the Hotchkiss drive feature?

7.Whydo some rear suspensions have fore-and-aft torque-control links?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

live axle, solve (v.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

предотвращать, предохранять; случаться, происходить; крепление ступицы колеса; кручение, скручивание; вперёд; привод с передачей под прямым углом; задний; полуось; назад; наклон; уменьшать, понижать; сочетать, объединять; подавлять, глушить; торсион; выбирать; также; вращающая сила; багаж; жёсткий; содержать, включать;листоваярессора;устройстворегулировки;мягкий,гибкий; нагружать; карданный вал.

Упражнение3.Найдитевтекстетермины,связанныессистемой подвески. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сравнительный оборот as …as … .

1.The surface area of the combustion chamber walls should be kept as small as possible.

2.During acceleration air/fuel ratio is not as high as 14.9 to 1 but may be as low as 7 to 1.

3.Theflywheelhelpstomakerunningassmoothasisnecessarytomaintain a steady rate of turning.

4.Electronic ignition systems keep an engine as accurately tuned as required by strict exhaust emission regulations.

5.In the Hotchkiss drive a pair of leaf springs is set as far apart on the axle as possible.

6.Exhaustmanifoldsaredesignedtoallowthegasestoflowtotheexhaust pipe as freely as possible.

Упражнение 2. Переведите сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными определительными.

1.Springs that are right for the loaded car will be too stiff with only the driver to carry.

2.The water that has been cooled passes into the bottom tank and is then returned to the engine through the water pump.

3.Theviscositythatis requiredinoilvariesaccordingtotheuseofthecar and the outside temperatures.

4.Exhaust manifoldsare designedsoastoavoidinterferencebetweenthe pulses of exhaust gas that leaves each cylinder in turn.

5.Every gallon of petrol that is burnt produces a gallon of water along with lead salts and acids, which pass as gas or vapour into the exhaust system.

6.The wheels that are not under power rotate at the speeds that are demanded of them without any mechanical assistance.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимания на модальные глаголы и их заменители.

1.The rear suspension has to carry the greater part of the extra weight of passengers and luggage.

2.After passing through a flood, a driver should partly apply his brakes so that friction and heat will dry them.

3.When four-wheel drive is to be in continuous operation, problems arise since allowance has to be made for the differing revolution speeds of the wheels on bends without risks for the transmission system.

4.Acar must have torsional stiffness.

5.Wheel nuts should be fitted so that the tapered face engages with the tapered seating in the wheel; otherwise the nuts will not centralise the wheel on the hub and the wheel may work loose.

6.Therotatingpartofabrakeconsistedofadrumwithwhichtwoalternative kinds of friction mechanism could be used.

7.Frictionproducestheforceneededtoslowthecar,andconvertstheenergy of the moving vehicle into heat.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.

1.Tosolvethisproblemtherearsuspensionmayincludedrivingaxles with leaf springs or driving axles with other types of springs.

2.Excessive brake heating tends to distort cast-iron brake drums and adversely affect any rubber that is close to the heat.

3.Thedesignerproportionsthebrakingeffectbetweenfrontandrearwheels to match the weight distribution under average conditions.

4.It is dangerous to reverse a wheel so that it is mounted back to front.

5.Damping is the ability to absorb some of the energy of a spring after it has been compressed.

6.The suspension must not allow these forces to deflect the car from the course chosen by the driver.

7.Where coil springs are used, the end coils usually sit square, and act as the lever for the twist to be applied to the rest of the spring.

76

Упражнение 5. Задайте три вопроса к подлежащему или его определению, три альтернативных и три разделительных вопроса к тексту А.

Текст В

SUSPENSION

Hydro-pneumatic suspension/Gas compression provides springing effect

Manymedium-size andlarge cars use hydro-pneumatic suspension, a designthatcombinesahydraulicsystemwithpneumaticspringingtoachieve self-levelling.

Each wheel has its own independent suspension unit. In each unit, a fixed quantity of nitrogen is contained under pressure in the upper half of a metal sphere above a fluid-resistant diaphragm.

Thelowerhalfofthesphereisconnectedtoahydrauliccylinder.Sliding inside this cylinderisa pistonwith a pushrodjoined toa suspensionarm by a pivot pin.

Whenawheelmovesuptorideoverabumpintheroad,thismovement is passed on by the suspension arm to the piston. Movement of the piston exerts pressure on the special fluid, and this in turn compresses the gas, whichactsasaspring.Downwardmovementofthewheelcausesthepiston to travel downwards also, reducing pressure on the gas.

Height adjustment is achieved by the flow of fluid into or out of the cylinder.The fluidis kept under pressure in areservoir suppliedbya pump, and its flow is controlled by a slide valve.

Iftheloadonthecarisincreased,thebodyatfirstgoesdowninrelation to the wheels and suspension arms. Each arm then operates a linkage that openstheslide-valveconnectiontothereservoir,andfluidentersthecylinder to push the bodyup.Thelinkage returns to neutral whenthe body gets back to its original height.

Notes:

hydro-pneumatic [] adj. гидропневматический pivot pin [] поворотный шкворень

sphere [] n. шар

77