Angl_yaz_Zdanie_127_Glebovsky_12

against the inner surface of the drum. A heat-resistant lining containing asbestos was secured to the band or the shoes.

The footbrake actuates all four brakes simultaneously as long as the pedal is depressed. The hand or emergency brake operates on one set of wheels only.This mechanicalbrake has aratchet thatenables ittobe lefton for parking the car.

Drumbrakesaredesignedsothatrain,snow,iceorgritcan’tgetinside and decrease braking efficiency. But the shield which protects the drum can’tcopewithimmersioninwater,soafterpassingthroughaflood,adriver should partly apply his brakes so that friction and heat will dry them.

To dissipate quickly the considerable amount of heat generated when braking a fast-moving, heavy car, large brake drums would be required. Disc brakes do the task more efficiently, for the cooling air can get to the rubbingsurfacesmorereadily.Excessivebrakeheatingtendstodistortcastiron brake drums and adversely affect any rubber that is close to the heat, for example, brake hoses and tyres. Temporary loss of efficiency during prolonged braking, such as on a long descent, is called brake-fade.

Acar disc brake has a pairof friction pads. Theystraddle a metal disc which turns with the wheel. When the driver applies the brake, the pads press against the disc and slow the wheel.

Notes:

asbestos [] n. асбест

brake-fade [ ] снижение эффективности тормозов (из-за перегрева)

contract [] v. сжиматься flood [] n. разлив воды immersion [] n. погружение shoe [] n. колодка

straddle [] v. захватывать (с нескольких сторон)

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.How does a brake work?

2.Whatisthedifferenceintheoperationofafootbrakeandahandbrake?

3.How are drum brakes designed?

4.Why should a driver partly apply the brakes after passing through a

flood?

5.Why are disc brakes more efficient?

6.What does excessive brake heating tend to do?

7.What does brake-fade mean?

8.How does a car disk brake work?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова.Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

actuate (v.), adversely (adv.), considerable (adj.), decrease (v.), distort (v.), drum(n.),dry(v.), emergency(n.),external(adj.), footbrake (n.), hand(n.), partly (adv.), rain (n.), secure (v.), shield (n.), tend (v.), year (n.).

Упражнение2.Переведитеследующиеслованаанглийскийязык:

обычный,приводить(кчему-либо),щиток,крепить,частично,ножной тормоз, внешний, высушивать, барабан, искривлять, уменьшать, значительный, неблагоприятно, приводитьвдействие,ручнойтормоз, чугун,против,внешний,вокруг,справитьсяс,одновременно, тяжёлый, трение.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией тормозной системы. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий в функции определения.

1.The effect of applying the brakes is to throw (перебросить) some of the weight forward.

2.The purpose of cooling is to carry off heat with the least possible loss.

3.The problem of applying equal torque to each road wheel is overcome by a limited-slip differential.

4.The task of dissipating the considerable amount of heat is achieved by disk brakes.

Упражнение 2. Задайте пять общих вопросов к тексту А.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение.

1.The gear wheels in a constant-mesh gearbox can’t all be fixed to their shafts or no movement would be possible.

2.The gearbox could be placed either at the end of the engine or under it.

3.Thebrakingeffortwouldbedistributedbetweenthefrontandrearwheels in proportion to the weight.

4.Large brake drums would be required for that purpose.

5.This could be prevented if the propeller shaft were enclosed in a torque tube, which forms a rigid extension of the axle housing.

6.Theirtransmissionsystemwouldmakeallowancefordifferencesinspeed between the front and rear wheels.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий и причастие I в функции обстоятельства.

1.The disadvantage of a differential is that it allows a wheel to spin at twicethespeedofthecrownwheel,leavingtheoppositewheelwithout a motion.

2.After passing through a flood, a driver should partly apply his brakes so that friction and heat will dry them.

3.Front-wheeldriveisengagedwhenneededbyusinganextragearlever.

4.To dissipate heat generated when braking a fast-moving, heavy car, large brake drums must be used.

5.Thecentreofthepinioncanbesetbelowthecentreofthecrownwheel, giving a lower propeller shaft.

6.The differential, which allows for differences in speed between the powered wheels when rounding a bend, rotates with the crown wheel.

7.A brake works by causing friction between a non-rotating part of the car and a disc or drum which turns with a road wheel.

Текст B

WHEELS

Weight distribution

Thedistributionof weightina cartravellingat a steadyspeedis even. Ideally, the braking effort should be distributed between the front and rear wheels in proportion to the weight that they carry.This will vary according to the design of the car (whether it is front engined or rear engined, for example), the number of passengers and the amount of luggage. But the effect of applying the brakes is to throw some of the weight forward; this

“transfer” adds to the load on the front wheels and, similarly, reduces the load on the rear wheels. Most of the braking is done by the front brakes.

When the brakes are applied hard, there is a greater transferof weight and the rear wheels tend to lock, which often causes the tail of the car to slide sideways. If the front wheels become locked first, the car will usually slide in a straight line, but steering control will be lost. Locking the wheels byheavybrakingismuchmorelikelyonslipperyroads,socautionisneeded on such surface.

The designer proportions the braking effect between front and rear wheels to match the weight distribution under average conditions. In many carsthesystemmakesallowanceforweighttransferbysettingalimittothe maximum brakingeffort thatcan be appliedto the rearwheels. Beyondthis limit, extra pedal pressure acts on the front brakes only.

Notes:

caution [] n. осторожность

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.How should the braking effort be distributed?

2.What happens when the brakes are applied hard?

3.When is steering control lost?

4.Why does a designer proportion the braking effect between front and rear wheels?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте герундий, определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте придаточные предложения и определите их тип.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

beyond(prep.),distribution(n.),hard(adv.),likely(adj.),luggage(n.),match (v.), often (adv.), proportion (v.), tail (n.), throw (v.), transfer (v.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

alter v. – alternative n. distribute v. – distribution n.

Урок 2.6

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в спискеA, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

Текст А

BRAKES

Hydraulic operation/Easier braking for the driver

Hydraulic systems rely on the fact that liquids are almost incompressible. Pressure applied anywhere in a fluid is transmitted equally throughout it.Apiston-and-cylinder arrangement, operated by a pedal, can be used to generate pressure at one end of a hydraulic line in a car braking system.This fluidpressure canthenmove anotherpistonattheotherendof the system, to apply a brake.

If the second piston has a larger area than the first, the force it exerts will be proportionally greater than that applied to the first piston; but the distance moved by the second piston will be correspondingly less. If the second piston has three times the area, it will exert three times the force through one-third of the distance.

In most cars the majority of the braking effort is done by the front wheels.Forthisreasonlargerhydraulicpistonsareusedforthefrontbrakes.

The footbrake on all modern cars operates the brakes hydraulically. Mechanical linkage by rods or cables is used for the hand brake system.

A hydraulicbrakingsystemis silent, flexible andself-lubricating,and ensuresthatbrakingforcestobothsidesofthecarareautomaticallyequalised.

The brake pedal connects by a short push-rod with a master cylinder. When the driver depresses the pedal, the push-rod moves a piston in the cylinder, pushing on the hydraulic fluid and forcing it along pipes to the wheel cylinders which operate the brakes. A check valve at the output end of the master cylinder ensures that a slight pressure remains in the brake line even when the brakes are off, so that air is excluded.

Whenthepedalis released,the mastercylinderbecomesconnectedto a reservoir from which fluid can flow by gravity. This makes good any smalllossesoffluid,andalsoprovidesforexpansionandcontractiondueto temperature variation.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What does hydraulic system rely on?

2.How is the force distributed depending on a size of a piston area?

3.Why are larger hydraulic pistons used for the front brakes?

4.How does the footbrake operate?

5.What happens when the driver depresses the pedal?

6.What happens when the pedal is released?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какимиименно? Как онивэтомслучае переводятсяна русский язык?

check (n.), exert (v.), flexible (adj.), incompressible (adj.), linkage (n.), majority (n.), proportionally (adv.), rely (on) (v.), throughout (prep.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

распределение; причина; из-за; суровый; расширение; вероятный; подходить, соответствовать; вырабатывать; жидкость (2); часто; выталкивать; проектировать; хвостовая часть; кидать; передача, перенос;сцепление,соединение;давление;детонация;за,потусторону; экономия; настраивать, регулировать; плита, пластина; термин; износ; воспламенять, зажигать; снижать(ся); частично.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией тормозной системы. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий в функции дополнения.

1.Many of the problems associated with driving are gone.

2.The radiator provides dispersing of the heat to the atmosphere.

3.Dust and moisture are prevented from entering the cylinders, or piston housings, by rubber sealing rings.

4.In the direct cooling system, the engine is protected from heatingby air blown over fins on the outside of the cylinders and cylinder heads.

5.He likes driving.

6.The temperature inside the drum increases from braking due to friction.

7.This shaft is involved in transmitting power to the rear axle.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова. Образуйте от них прилагательные с помощью известных Вам суффиксов. Переведите образованные прилагательные на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции слова that/those.

1.The force the second piston exerts will be proportionally greater than that applied to the first piston.

2.Thewheelsthatarenotunderpowerrotateatthespeedsthataredemanded of them.

3.There has tobe a system which permits all the gear wheels except those that are required for a particular ratio to run freely.

4.The effect is that the output shaft turns faster than the input shaft.

5.This method means that the collar must revolve with the shaft.

6.By the time exhaust gases leave the silencer, they have expanded sufficiently and their pressure drops to about that of the outside air.

7.That car, which normally operates with rear-wheel drive on made-up roads, has a four-wheel drive

Упражнение 4. Переведите сложноподчинённые предложения с придаточным дополнением.

1.The carburettor is to ensure that the correct amount of petrol is drawn into the air stream

2.Anautomatictransmissionensuresthatthechangesofgearsuitdifferent speeds and road conditions.

3.This means that the centre of the pinion can be set below the centre of the crown wheel, giving a lower propeller shaft.

4.A hydraulic brakingsystemensures that brakingforcesto both sides of the car are automatically equalised.

Упражнение 5. Задайте пять общих и пять альтернативных вопросов к тексту А.

Текст В

BRAKES

The advantage of discs/Pinching action of pads slows the car

A disc brake consists of a solid cast-iron disc which rotates with the carwheel.Partofthediscissurroundedbyacalliperwhichcontainscylinders and pistons, pipe connections to the hydraulic system, and friction pads which press against the disc to stop or slow down the car.

Dustandmoisturearepreventedfromenteringthecylinders,orpiston housings, byrubber sealing rings.As only part of the disc is covered bythe calliper, the disc is more easily cooled by air than is possible with a drum brake.A back-plate – sometimes called a splash shield – protects the inner face of the disc not covered by the calliper.

Whenthe brakepedalisapplied,hydraulic pressureforces the pistons out from their cylinders to press the pads against the smooth faces of the disc.

The disc expands slightly with the heat, but instead of moving away from the pads – as a drum moves away from the linings – the disc moves nearer to them.

Shim plates – thin sheets of metal which have sprung ends – help to keep the pads firmly in position, which reduces squeal.

Each pad is held in place by two retaining-pins, which pass through holes in the calliper, the metal backing plates on the pads and the shim plates. The pins are secured by spring clips.

The friction pads on disc brakes are made from an extremely tough compound of materials bonded to a steel backing plate. The backing plates take the torque reaction on the calliper during braking.

Notes:

backing plate [] n. опорный щит тормозной колодки compound [] n. соединение

pinching [] зажимление

shim plate [] регулировочная прокладка splash shield [] брызговик

spring clip [] n. пружинная защёлка squeal [] n. визг (тормозов)

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What does a disc brake consist of?

2.How are dust and moisture prevented from entering the cylinders?

3.What happens when the brake pedal is applied?

4.What reduces squeal?

5.How is each pad held in place?

6.What do the backing plates take?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте придаточные предложения, определите их тип и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2.Найдите втекстепричастияIIипереведитеихна русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

bond (v.), calliper (n.), solid (adj.), tough (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

flex v. – flexible adj. – flexibility n. proportion n. – proportion v.

Урок 2.7

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

Текст А

WHEELS

Basic requirements/Variations in the three main designs

The car wheel is subjected to extreme loads and stresses even in normal roaduse.Ithastowithstandthecarweightandforcesofacceleration,braking andcornering;anditoftenhastocopewithseveralofthesestressesatonce. Cornering,forinstance,canbecombinedwithaccelerationorbraking,which subjects the wheeltodifferent stressesat thesame time.It is notenoughfor a wheel to be round: it must also be strong, light, well-balanced, resilient to some forces and stiff against others.

The three types of wheel in use today – pressed-steel discs, wheels withsteel-wirespokes,andlight-alloycastings–meetalltheserequirements.

The need for lightness combined with strength has governed wheel design since the earliest days of motoring. Stiffness is necessary in a wheel in order for it to respond accurately to the demands made on it in steering; but the wheel must not be brittle. Resilience is necessary too, so that the wheel will absorb the hard knocks it inevitably takes.

Width of the wheel rim is an important factor in the handling characteristics of a car.Arim that is too narrow in relation to the tyre width will allow the tyre to distort excessively sideways under fast cornering. On the other hand, unduly wide rims give a rough ride because the sidewalls have not enough curvature to make them flex over road irregularities.

Many cars today are fitted with pressed-steel disc wheels. They are light, strong, stiff and resistant to accidental damage. It was once a disadvantageofthisdesignthatthedischadtobeperforatedtoallowforthe passage of cooling air to the brakes; and making holes in the disc could weaken it.

By using a slightly more expensive technique the holes are swaged – thatis,theiredgesareturnedsmoothlyinwards–andthisactuallyincreases the strength of the wheel.

Notes:

brittle [] adj. хрупкий curvature [] n. кривизна

meet requirements [] отвечать требованиям perforated [] adj. перфорированный

resilience [] n. упругость resilient [] adj. упругий swaged [] adj. выгнутый weaken [] v. ослаблять

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.Why is a car wheel subjected to extreme loads and stresses?

2.What must a wheel be like?

3.Which wheels meet all these requirements?

4.Why are stiffness and resilience necessary in a wheel?

5.Howdoesthewidthofthewheelrimaffectthehandlingcharacteristics of a car?

6.What was a disadvantage of pressed-steel disk wheels?

7.How was this disadvantage overcome?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

characteristic (n.), early (adj.), edge (n.), factor (n.), inwards (adv.), irregularity (n.), knock (n.), requirement (n.), rim (n.), rough ride, sidewall (n.), spoke (n.), stiff (adj.), stiffness (n.), stress (n.), technique (n.), unduly (adv.).

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

соединять, связывать; скоба; цельный, сплошной; прочный, крепкий; сцепление; гибкий; оказывать(давление);подача, снабжение; в, за,на; плавность;впуск,всасывание;проект,конструкция;кузов;разработка, создание;ускорение,разгон;прочный;включать,содержать;легкость; открытый; отверстие, канал; как только; слишком; оборот.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с конструкцией колёс. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Systems of parking-brake operation

The hand brake is … used only after the driver has stopped the car using the footbrake. Its … use is as an emergency brake, to stop the car if the footbrake system fails (выходит из строя).

Amechanicallyoperatedbrakemustbesetwhenthecarisparked.On mostcarsthisis achievedbyahand-operatedbrake,but …theaverageman can exert more effort when he pushes his foot than when he pulls a lever, mostAmerican cars have foot-operated park­ing brakes.

Bothtypes…thecarbya pawl(собачка)engagingwitha ratchetand locking the mechanical brakes on. Release of the ratchet … the brakes.

The hand or parking brake operates on a … of brakes, frequently the rear brakes.Whendrum-type rear … are used, the same shoes (тормозные колодки) can be used for both hand and foot control.

(продолжение текста в упражнении 5 урока 2.8 стр. 64)

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1.There is direct connection between cylinder wear and coolant temperatures, the least wear being at the higher temperatures.

2.The locking of the gear wheels to a shaft is done by collars, the collar revolving with the shaft

3.Alargesurfacebeingasourceofheatlossduringthecompressionstroke, the combustion chamber should be small.

4.Both inlet and exhaust manifold being located between the cylinders, accessibilityof cylinder heads, valvegearandfuelinjectionmechanism is particularly good.

5.The pressure being released, as the clutch pedal is depressed, the crankshaft and gearbox input shaft rotate independently

6.Axlemovementonthespringscontinuouslyalteringthedistancebetween thegearboxandfinal-drivecouplings,theeffectivelengthofthepropeller shaft must be able to vary correspondingly.

7.Overdriveis a unit fittedbehind thegearbox inorder to provide an extra gear,thedeviceallowingeconomicalcruisingatareducedenginespeed, without reduction of the road speed.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные конструкции Complex Object и For – to – Infinitive.

1.The minimum number of cylinders for the engine to work smoothly is two, which provides one power stroke for each crankshaft revolution.

2.Downwardmovementofthewheelcausesthepistontotraveldownwards too.

3.Stiffness is necessary in a wheel in order for it to respond accurately to the demands made on it in steering.

4.Thefinaldriveincludesadifferentialgearfortheroadwheelstorotateat different speeds.

5.The master cylinder becomes connected to a reservoir and makes fluid flow by gravity.

6.For the oil pressure to be controlled there is a relief valve.

7.A hydraulic damper helps the wheels to follow road irregularities.

8.A narrow rim will allow the tyre to distort excessively sideways under fast cornering.

9.The disadvantage of a differential is that it allows a wheel to spin at twice the speed of the crown wheel.

10.The cooling system permits to disperse the heat that is produced by an internal combustion engine.

11.A damper for the torsional vibration to be controlled is fitted to the front end of the crankshaft.

12.Thiskindofjointmakes theshaftsrotatetogether,evenwhentheiraxes do not form a straight line.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие слова на русский язык. Образуйте от них слова с противоположным значением, используя отрицательные приставки un-,in-. Переведите их.

Упражнение 4. Задайте пять разделительных и пять альтернативных вопросов к тексту А.

Текст В

WHEELS

How the wheel is secured to the axle

The most common type of wheel mounting consists of either four or five threaded studs equally spaced in a circle around the hub flange. These studs pass through holes in the wheel, which is secured bynuts screwed on to the studs.

The area around each hole is pressed out to form a tapered seating which allows the hub to centre the wheel correctly. Each nut has a corresponding taper.

Wheel nuts should be fitted so that the tapered face engages with the taperedseatinginthewheel;otherwisethenutswillnotcentralisethewheel on the hub and the wheel may work loose.

Itisdangeroustoreverseawheelsothatitismountedbacktofront.The naveareaisdesignedtoengagewiththehuborbrakedrumoveraconsiderable area and it is friction between these faces that transmits the drive.

Centre-lock disc wheels on splined hubs are fitted to some sports cars. Thecentrelockwasevolvedtoenableracing-carwheelstobechangedquickly by knocking off the nut with a soft-headed hammer. The wheel is positioned by matching tapered faces within the wheel centre and on its hub, the splines enabling driving or braking forces to be transmitted from one to the other.

Centre-lock mountings have an additional advantage now that radialply tyres are in general use: radials are intolerant of inaccuracies of wheel centring,andthepreciselocationofthecentre-lockwheelhelpstominimise tyre vibration.

Notes:

centralise [] v. централизовывать circle [] n. окружность

flange [] n. фланец hammer [] n. молоток

inaccuracy [] n. неточность intolerant [] adj. нетерпимый work loose [] разболтаться nave [] n. ступица, втулка колеса

racing-car [] гоночный автомобиль radial [] adj. радиальный

radial-ply tyre [] шина с радиальным кордом stud [] n. шпилька (крепления колеса)

taper [] n. конус

tapered [] adj. конический

threaded stud [] резьбовая шпилька

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What does the most common type of wheel mounting consist of?

2.Why does the area around each hole form a tapered seating?

3.How should wheel nuts be fitted?

4.Why is it dangerous to reverse a wheel?