Dale_Molecular Genetics of Bacteria 4th ed
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GENES |
ilv |
synthesis of isoleucine and valine |
inc |
plasmid incompatibility |
kan |
kanamycin resistance (¼aph) |
lac |
lactose fermentation; operon composed of lacZ (b-galactosidase), lacY (per- |
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mease), and lacA (transacetylase). |
lacI |
repressor of the lac operon; constitutive mutations |
leu |
synthesis of leucine |
lexA |
LexA protein represses the genes of the SOS response |
lys |
lysine synthesis |
mer |
mercuric ion resistance |
micF |
antisense RNA, regulates ompF |
min |
regulate the position of septum formation at cell division; mutants produce |
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minicells that lack DNA. |
mob |
nuclease required for initiation of plasmid transfer |
nal |
nalidixic acid resistance (gyrA) |
nif |
nitrogen fixation |
nifA |
positive regulator of nif |
ompF |
outer membrane protein (porin) |
oriT |
origin of (conjugal) transfer of a plasmid (see bom) |
oriV |
origin of replication |
par |
plasmid partitioning at cell division |
pheA |
phenylalanine synthesis |
pil |
pilin; subunits of pili of e.g. gonococci |
pro |
proline synthesis |
recA |
RecA protein mediates general recombination, repair processes and phage |
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induction (amongst others) |
recB,C |
codes for a multifunctional enzyme with exoand endonuclease activity, |
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required for RecA-mediated recombination |
rep |
plasmid replication |
res |
resolution site in transposition |
rpoB |
RNA polymerase b-subunit; some mutations cause rifampicin resistance |
rpoS |
stationary phase s-factor |
rpsL |
ribosomal protein S10. Streptomycin resistance (chromosomal mutation) |
spoIIA |
controls one stage in sporulation in Bacillus subtilis; spoIIAC (sigF ) encodes a |
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s-factor, while spoIIAB and spoIIAA encode an anti-s-factor and and antag- |
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onist of SpoIIAB respectively |
str |
streptomycin resistance (as a chromosomal marker, usually rpsL; on a plas- |
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mid or transposon, usually an aminoglycoside modifying enzyme such as |
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AadA) |
sul |
sulphonamide resistance |
tet |
tetracycline resistance |
thr |
threonine synthesis |
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GENES |
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thyA |
thymidylate synthetase; thymine/thymidine production |
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tnpA |
transposase (e.g. in Tn3) |
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tnpR |
resolvase (e.g. in Tn3) |
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tra |
transfer; group of genes required for conjugal plasmid transfer |
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trp |
tryptophan biosynthesis. |
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trpA,B |
subunits of tryptophan synthase |
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trpR |
repressor of tryptophan operon |
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umuC, D ultraviolet mutation; defects in these genes cause increased sensitivity to the
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lethal effects of UV but the incidence of mutations is reduced |
uvr |
ultraviolet repair. Several genes (uvrA,B,C) code for nuclease responsible for |
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excision of thymine dimers |
whiG |
in Streptomyces coelicolor, encodes a s-factor needed for spore formation |
A selection of lambda genes
att |
Site for integration of lambda DNA into the chromosome. The phage se- |
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quence is known as attP and that on the chromosome as attB or attl. After |
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integration the sites at the left and right ends of the prophage are known as |
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attL and attR respectively |
cI |
CI repressor, necessary for lysogeny; binds to OL and OR |
cII, cIII |
ancillary genes required for the initial synthesis of repressor, by activation of |
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PE |
cos |
cohesive end sites; position of asymmetric cuts during packaging |
cro |
the Cro protein essentially functions as an anti-repressor, antagonizing the |
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action of the CI repressor |
int |
integration of lambda DNA into chromosome; together with Xis, excision of |
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prophage |
Nanti-terminator; allows read-through the transcriptional termination sites, resulting in expression of delayed early genes
OL, OR |
operator sites to which CI and Cro bind, regulating expression from PL and |
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PR |
PE |
promoter for the expression of CI during the establishment of lysogeny; |
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activated by CII and CIII |
PL, PR |
promoters for major early transcripts in left and right directions respectively |
PM |
maintenance promoter for expression of cI after lysogeny has been established |
PR0 |
promoter for the major late transcript |
Q |
required for expression of late genes, from PR0 |
S |
lysis |
tR1, tR2 |
terminator site for immediate early transcripts from PR; anti-termination |
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activity of N allows read-through |
tR3 |
terminator site for delayed early transcript from PR |
xis |
with Int, excision of prophage when lytic cycle is induced |
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BACTERIAL SPECIES |
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Bacterial name |
Abbreviation |
Other names |
Comment |
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Clostridium tetani |
C. tetani |
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Cause of tetanus |
Corynebacterium |
C. diphtheriae |
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Causes diphtheria, due to |
diphtheriae |
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phage-encoded toxin |
Corynebacterium |
C. glutamicum |
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Used in industrial |
glutamicum |
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processes, e.g. for amino |
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acid production |
Enterococcus |
E. faecalis |
Formerly |
Gram-positive intestinal |
faecalis |
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Streptococcus |
inhabitant. Opportunist |
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faecalis |
pathogen |
Erwinia carotovora |
E. carotovora |
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Plant pathogen |
Escherichia coli |
E. coli |
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Standard organism for |
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genetic studies. Gram- |
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negative intestinal |
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inhabitant, some strains |
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cause serious disease |
Haemophilus |
H. influenzae |
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Respiratory tract |
influenzae |
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inhabitant. Can cause |
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serious disease, |
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including meningitis |
Helicobacter pylori |
H. pylori |
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Stomach inhabitant, |
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causing ulcers and other |
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diseases |
Mesorhizobium loti |
M. loti |
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Important in agriculture |
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due to its nitrogen |
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fixation activity |
Micrococcus spp. |
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Gram-positive coccus, |
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common on skin |
Mycobacterium |
M. leprae |
Leprosy bacillus |
Cause of leprosy |
leprae |
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Mycobacterium |
M. |
M. avium var |
Animal pathogen |
paratuberculosis |
paratuberculosis |
paratuberculosis |
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Mycobacterium |
M. tuberculosis |
TB bacillus |
Cause of human |
tuberculosis |
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tuberculosis |
Mycoplasma |
M. genitalium |
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Very small bacterium, |
genitalium |
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lacking a cell wall |
Myxococcus |
M. xanthus |
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Soil bacterium, showing |
xanthus |
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cooperative behaviour |
Neisseria |
N. gonorrhoeae |
Gonococcus |
Cause of gonorrhoea |
gonorrhoeae |
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Neisseria |
N. meningitidis |
Meningococcus |
Causes meningitis and |
meningitidis |
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septicaemia |
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BACTERIAL SPECIES |
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Bacterial name |
Abbreviation |
Other names |
Comment |
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Pseudomonas |
P. aeruginosa |
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Gram-negative |
aeruginosa |
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opportunist pathogen. |
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Widely used in genetics |
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research |
Pseudomonas |
P. putida |
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Free-living bacterium |
putida |
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found in water and soil |
Pseudomonas |
P. syringae |
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Plant pathogen |
syringae |
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Rhizobium |
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Genus important in |
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agriculture due to their |
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nitrogen fixation |
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activity |
Salmonella typhi |
S. typhi |
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Cause of typhoid fever |
Salmonella |
S. typhimurium |
Salmonella |
Common cause of food |
typhimurium |
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enterica serovar |
poisoning. Widely used |
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Typhimurium |
in genetics research. We |
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have used the old name, |
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which is still more |
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familiar than the new, |
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rather clumsy |
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designation |
Shigella spp. |
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Causes bacillary dysentery |
Staphylococcus |
Staph. aureus, S. |
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Major cause of hospital |
aureus |
aureus |
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infections |
Staphylococcus |
Staph. epidermidis, |
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Common skin organism, |
epidermidis |
S. epidermidis |
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less pathogenic than |
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S. aureus |
Streptococcus mitis |
S. mitis |
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Oral commensal and |
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opportunist pathogen |
Streptococcus |
S. pneumoniae |
Pneumococcus |
Gram-positive coccus, |
pneumoniae |
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causes pneumonia, |
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meningitis |
Streptococcus |
S. pyogenes |
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Cause of a wide range of |
pyogenes |
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infections |
Streptomyces |
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Gram-positive, |
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filamentous soil |
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organisms. The major |
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source of currently used |
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antibiotics |
Vibrio cholerae |
V. cholerae |
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Cause of cholera, due to |
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toxin encoded by a |
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prophage |
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BACTERIAL SPECIES |
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Bacterial name |
Abbreviation |
Other names |
Comment |
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Yersinia |
Y. enterocolitica |
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Food-borne pathogen |
enterocolitica |
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Yersinia pestis |
Y. pestis |
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Cause of plague |
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