- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
147 Review of conditionals
There are three main types of conditional. Study the examples. Type 1: if... the present simple ... will/can/might, etc
If we win today, we'll go to the top of the league. (We may win, or we may not.) Type 2: if ... the past simple ... would/could/might
If Johnson was in the team, I'd feel more confident. (Johnson isn't in the team.) Type 3: if ... the past perfect ... would have/could have/might have
If Johnson had played, we'd have won. (Johnson didn't play.)
Here are some more examples with different verb forms. Type 1 If I'm going shopping, I'll need some money.
If the disco has finished, we might be able to get some sleep. You should stay in bed if you feel unwell. Type 2
If I didn't like this pudding, I wouldn't eat it.
If the video recorder was working, we could watch a film.
The alarm might go off if we tried to get in through a window. Type 3 If we'd dropped the piano, it would have been a disaster.
If Vicky had come to the theme park with us last week, she might have enjoyed it. We could have given you a lift if we'd known you were coming this way.
B Other conditional sentences
As well as the three main types, there are other types of conditional sentence. For example, we can use two present-tense verbs (see Unit 144D). If you ring this number, no one answers.
We can also use a present-tense verb and an imperative. If you need any help, just ask. If you drink, don't drive.
We can use be going to.
If it's going to rain, I'd better take an umbrella.
If they try to cut down the trees, there's going to be a big protest.
We can mix types 2 and 3 (see Unit 146D).
If Matthew had booked a table, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue. If you needed help, you should have asked me.
147Exercises
1 Types 1, 2 and 3 (A)
Match the sentences and join them with if. Say what type they are.
► I went to bed earlier. |
I'll try to follow them. |
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1 |
The twins had worn different clothes. |
You might not be warm enough. |
2 |
You tell me what the instructions say. |
I wouldn't have bought it. |
3 |
People used public transport. |
I wouldn't sleep. |
4 |
You don't wear a sweater. |
There'd be less pollution. |
5 |
I hadn't seen the product advertised. |
We could have told them apart. |
► If I went to bed earlier, I wouldn't sleep. |
type 2 |
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I |
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2 |
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3 |
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4
5
2 Types l, 2 and 3 (A)
Adam is a music student. He rents a room from Mr Day. Put in the correct forms. Mr Day: Can't you stop playing that trumpet? You're making an awful noise. Adam: Well, if (►) I don't practise (I / not practise), I won't pass my exam.
Mr Day: But why at night? It's half past twelve. If (1)……………………………….. (you / play) it in the daytime, (2)………………………………. (I / not / hear) you because I'd be at work.
If (3)………………………………. (you / tell) me about this trumpet when you first came here,
(4)…………………………………( I / not / let) you have the room. I'm afraid it's becoming a nuisance. If (5) .............................................. (you / not / play) so loud,
(6) ………………………………..(it / not / be) so bad. Adam: I'm sorry, but you can't play a trumpet quietly.
Mr Day: If (7)………………………………. (I / realize) a year ago what you were going to do, then
(8) …………………………. ..... (I / throw) you out long ago.
If (9)………………………………..(you / go) on making this noise at night, (10) …………………………....... (I / have) to complain to your college.
3 Conditionals (A-B)
What might you say in these situations? Use a conditional sentence.
►You think Emma should book a seat on the train. The alternative is having to stand.
If Emma doesn't book a seat on the train, she'll have to stand.
1You didn't know how unpopular lason was when you invited him to your party.
2Warn your friend not to put too many tins into the plastic bag or it'll break.
3You haven't got a pen, so you can't write down the address.
4You should have started your project earlier. You're so far behind now.
5Your friend might need some help. If so, tell her to give you a ring.
6The automatic result of the door opening is the fan coming on.
148 If, when, unless and in case
Present simple for the future
Look at these examples.
You'll be tired tomorrow if you stay up late. Tell me when the water boils.
I won't do anything unless you agree. Write the name down in case you forget it.
We use the present simple for the future after linking words such as if, when, unless and in case (see also Units 27 and 144B).
B If or when?
If you hear any news, can you ring me immediately?
(You might hear some news.) I'll probably go for a walk later on if it stays fine. (It might stay fine.)
We use if for something that we think might happen.
We use if (not when) for something impossible or imaginary.
If I were you, I'd refuse.
When you hear some news, can you ring me immediately?
(You will hear some news.) I'll make myself an omelette when I get home
tonight.
(I will get home tonight.) We use when for something that we know will happen.
We can use either if or when in contexts where they mean 'every time'.
If you run, you use up energy. |
When you run, you use up energy. |
C If and unless
If... not means the same as unless.
/ can't see if I don't wear glasses.
The doctor will be here if she isn't called to an emergency.
If you can't pay your bills, you'll have to leave. I wouldn't say that if I didn't believe it.
I can't see unless I wear glasses.
The doctor will be here unless she's called to an emergency.
Unless you can pay your bills, you'll have to leave. I wouldn't say that unless I believed it.
D In case
Look at these examples.
Take a sandwich with you in case you get hungry.
I'd better reserve a seat today in case the train is full tomorrow. Laura took two photos in case one of them didn't come out.
We use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a possible problem later on. (For American English, see page 381.)
Compare if and in case.
I'll bring in the washing if it rains.
(= I'll bring it in at the time it starts raining.)
I'll bring in the washing in case it rains. (= I'll bring it in now because it might rain later.)
148 Exercises
1 If or when? (B)
Look at the information in brackets and complete the sentences using if or when and a verb in the present simple.
?(I may see Tom tonight.) If I see Tom, I'll tell him the news.
?(Melanie is coming soon.) When Melanie comes, can you let her in, please?
1(The alarm will ring soon.)……………………………………………….. we all have to leave the building.
2(I might feel better tomorrow.)……………………………………………… I'll probably go back to work.
3 |
(This film finishes at ten.) ................... |
………………………………………………… I'll stop the video. |
4 |
(The plan may not work.) ………………………………………….. we'll have to think of something else. |
2 If and unless (C)
Complete the sentences using unless and the information in brackets. ► You won't get there in time unless you hurry, (if you don't hurry)
1We can't have a picnic …………………………………………………………….(if it isn't a nice day)
2Don't leave the TV on ………………………………………………………………(if you aren't watching it)
3We can't do the job ……………………………………………………………………. (if we don't get help)
4 I wouldn't have bought the picture .......... |
…………………………………………(if I didn't like it) |
3 If and unless (C)
Which word makes more sense? Put in if or unless.
?Rachel will be pleased ij she passes her driving test.
?The bus won't stop unless you ring the bell.
1 |
I can't read your letters ......... |
you type them. |
2 |
Emma will be upset .......... |
she doesn't get the job. |
3 |
You can't go into the reception |
you've got a ticket. |
4 |
Don't bother to ring me ................ |
it's important. |
4 In case (D)
What could you say in these situations? Use in case.
►You think Vicky had better take a coat. It might get cold. You to Vicky: You'd better take a coat in case it gets cold.
1You think you and Mark had better book a table. The restaurant might be busy. You to Mark: .....................................................
2You think Claire ought to insure her jewellery. It might get stolen. You to Claire: .....................................................
3You'll leave David your phone number. He might want to contact you. You to David:…………………………………….
5 If, when, unless and in case (B-D)
Jake lives next door to Melanie. Complete their conversation. Put in if, when (x2), unless or in case.
Jake: |
A man is delivering a washing-machine this morning, but I have to go to work. I won't be here |
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(►) when he calls. Could you let him in for me, please, (1)…………………you're terribly busy? |
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Melanie: Oh, that's no problem. |
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Jake: |
Oh, thanks. (2)………………. you could do that, I'd be really grateful. I'll leave a message on his |
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answerphone. And (3)………………… he doesn't get the message, I'll put a note on the door, just |
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to make sure. He'll see it (4) ....................... |
he comes. |