- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
Test 22A
Put the words in the right order to form a statement.
►I won't forget the titles of the books, down / I've / them / written
I've written them down.
1 I'll give you the money, for I I I must / my ticket / pay
2I have to look smart, going to / I'm / on / put / that expensive grey coat 1 bought
3Anna rang, invited / lunch / she's / to / us
4Peter's got the photos, at / he's / looking / them
5I wasn't allowed to go. from / leaving / me / prevented / the police
6This programme is boring, going to / I'm / it / off / turn
Test 22 B
Decide which word is correct.
► I'm not speaking to Oliver. I've fallen out with him.
|
a) away |
b) back |
c) out |
d) through |
|
1 |
Everyone complained ……………… the awful food. |
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|
a) about |
b) for |
c) on |
d) over |
|
2 |
You don't need this word. You should cross it |
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|
a) down |
b) out |
c) over |
d) up |
|
3 |
It's late. How much longer are you going to go ………………. working? |
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|
a) along |
b) on |
c) through d) with |
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4 |
My shoes are dirty. I'd better take them .……………... before I come in. |
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|
a) away |
b) off |
c) on d) up |
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5 |
The bus journey costs more now. They've put the fares .…………. _ |
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|
a) down |
b) out |
c) over d) up |
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6 |
We all laughed ..................... the cartoon. |
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|
a) at b) for |
c) on d) to |
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7 |
We'd all decided to go on holiday together, but the plan fell……………….., I'm afraid. |
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|
a) away |
b) back |
c) out |
d) through |
|
8 |
I suppose you're being nice to make ……………… the awful way you behaved yesterday, |
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|
a) away of |
b) down on |
c) in with d) up for |
Test 22C
Write the correct sentence.
► Could you be a little quieter, please? I'm-trying-to concentrate atmy work.
I'm trying to concentrate on my work.
1You haven't answered all the questions. You've-left one-away.
2Where is Bigbury? I've-never-heard-about it.
3The children were frightened of the dog. They ran out of it.
4Michelle has got the job. You must congratulate her for her success.
5My sister is in computers. She's going to set out her own company.
6I like Peter. He reminds me about an old school friend of mine.
7Adrian has a suggestion. He wants to put it ahead at the meeting.
Test 22 D
Read the story and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
This true story is about a policeman in New York City who had a girlfriend he cared ( ►)/(?)' very much. I don't know if you regard New York City (1)………………………… a dangerous place, but the hero of our story certainly did, and he warned his girlfriend (2) ………………………… the danger of walking the streets alone and the need to (3) ……………………….. out for muggers. But as he also believed
(4)……………………………..being prepared for the worst, he bought a can of gas that would protect his girlfriend (5)…………………………. muggers. It certainly seemed worth spending a few dollars
(6)………………………….. . The idea is that you point the thing (7)……………………….. your attacker and spray him with the gas, which knocks him (8) ..................……………. . On the day he bought the gas, the policeman and his girlfriend had arranged to go (9)………………………….for the evening. So he was looking (10) ……………………….. to giving her the can later on. When he got home from work, he had a bath and then sprayed some deodorant on himself. He knew nothing more until he (11)…………………………..... up in hospital the next day. He had picked (12)………………………. the wrong can and sprayed himself with the gas.
Test 22E
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets. ► I'm trying to find my diary, (looking) I'm looking for my diary.
1You're too young to stop working, (give)
2This bag is Janet's, (belongs)
3Everyone continued working as usual, (carried)
4They talked about the plan, (discussed)
5I haven't got any money left, (run)
6I told the police what the problem was. (explained)
7I wouldn't tolerate such terrible conditions, (put)
8They'll have to postpone the game, (off)
132 Direct speech and reported speech
Direct speech
Look at these examples of direct speech.
Trevor: I'm tired.
Wasn't it Greta Garbo who said, 7 want to be alone'?
'But I don't love you, Henry,' replied Claire.
We can show that words are direct speech by putting them in quotation marks (''). See page 373. Sometimes the words are put after the speaker's name, in the script of a play or film, for example. In a picture we can put the words in a speech bubble.
B Reported speech
In reported speech we give the meaning of what was said rather than the exact words.
Trevor says he's tired.
Wasn't it Greta Garbo who said that she wanted to be alone?
Claire replied that she didn't love Henry.
The actress Melissa Livingstone and supermarket owner Ron Mason have announced that they are getting married next month. Melissa is sure they will be happy together, she told reporters.
In reported speech we often change the actual words, e.g. 'I'm tired' —> he's tired. Sometimes the verb tense changes, e.g. / want —> she wanted (see Unit 134).
In reporting we use verbs such as announce, answer, explain, mention, promise, reply, say, suggest, tell. warn. The most common of these are say and tell (see C). We can also report thoughts. We think the meal was expensive. Nick knew Rita wanted to be with someone else.
When we report statements, we often use that, but we can sometimes leave it out.
You promised (that) you wouldn't be late. Sarah was saying (that) there's a problem.
C Tell or say?
TELL
We use tell if we want to mention the hearer (the person spoken to).
Sarah's boss told her she could leave early. NOT -Sarah's boss told she-could leave-early. Daniel tells me he's ready. We use tell
without an indirect object (e.g. her, me) only in the expressions tell a story, tell the truth and tell a lie.
SAY
When we do not mention the hearer, we use say.
Sarah's boss said she could leave early.
NOT Sarah's boss-said her she could leave early. Daniel says he's ready.
We sometimes use to after say, especially when the words are not reported.
The boss wanted to say something to Sarah. What did Matthew say to you?
132 Exercises
1 Reported speech (B)
Why are these people at the doctor's? What do they say is wrong with them?
► She says she gets pains in her leg.
1 |
She says...................................................................... |
3 ………………………………… |
2 |
He says ...................................................................... |
4 .................................................... |
Reported speech (B)
Who said what? Match the words to the people and report what they said. If you can't match them, look at the answers at the bottom of the page.
► Mrs Thatcher |
a) 'All the world's a stage.' |
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1 |
Stokeley Carmichael |
b) |
'Black is beautiful' |
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2 |
Galileo |
c) |
'Big Brother is watching you.' |
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3 |
Shakespeare |
d) 'There is no such thing as society.' |
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4 |
George Orwell |
e) |
|
'The earth moves round the sun.' |
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► Mrs Thatcher said that there is no such thing as society.
1
2
3
4
Tell or say? (C)
Put in tell or say.
?All the experts say the earth is getting warmer.
?Did you tell Mark and Sarah how to find our house?
1 The Sales Manager is going to.................. |
everyone about the meeting. |
2Vicky, why don't you just…………… what the matter is?
3They…………….they're going to build a new Disney World here.
4What did Natasha…………….about her holiday plans?
5Could you………….. me the way to the train station, please?
6The company should……………. its employees what's going on.
7You shouldn't……………..lies, you know, Matthew.
8Did you …………… anything to Melanie about the barbecue?