- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
Test 13A
Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (/). If it is incorrect, cross out the unnecessary word and write it in the space.
? |
I'm used to driving in heavy traffic every day. |
/ |
? |
Although of- feeling tired, Polly didn't want to go to bed. |
of |
1It's important for to sign the form.
2Peter broke his arm in playing rugby.
3A woman accused Martin of stealing her money.
4I wasn't sure whether to write a letter of thanks.
5Do you remember a young man bumping into you?
6The girl's parents wouldn't let her to stay out so late.
7The book is too difficult enough for children to understand
8Police found the woman for lying dead on the floor.
9Cars are always expensive to repair them.
10The man died as a result of falling asleep while driving.
Test 13B
This is an advertisement for the book 'Winning in Business'. Put in the correct form of each verb.
Are you fed up with (►) being (be) a failure in your job? Wouldn't you rather (►) succeed (succeed)? Do you want (►) to earn (earn) more money? Are you anxious (1)………………………….. (get) ahead? Do you believe in (2)……………………………(make) the most of your talents? Do you sometimes dream about (3)……………………………….. (reach) the top? If the answer is yes, read on. Just imagine yourself (4)……………………………(run) a big successful company. And now you can do something about it instead of (5)…………………………. (dream). It'll happen if you want it (6) . … … … … … … … … . . (happen). Make it a reality by (7)……………………………(order) your copy of the best-selling 'Winning in Business'. It has a ten-point plan for you (8) .......... ………………………..(follow). Do it and you're certain (9)……………………………(be) a success. You'll know what (10)…………………………. (do) in business. You can make other people (11) ....................................(respect) you and persuade
them (12)…………………………. (do) what you want. Experts recommend (13)…………………………. (buy] this marvellous book. You'd better (14)…………………………….(order) your copy today.
Test 13C
Combine each pair of sentences. Use a to-infinitive or an ing-form. Sometimes you also need a preposition,
?We've advised Nancy. She should get a lawyer.
We've advised Nancy to get a lawyer.
?I'm getting bored. I've been sitting on the beach.
I'm getting bored with sitting on the beach.
1We saw Rupert. He was looking in a shop window.
2I remember the clown. He fell over.
3Tessa wasn't sure. Which way should she go?
4The porter just stood there. He expected a tip.
5How about it? Shall we go to the barbecue?
6Susan is used to it. She's always lived in the country.
7I'm afraid. I might hurt myself.
8Christopher apologized. He'd forgotten to pay.
9The food was too cold. Michelle couldn't eat it.
10Polly was silly. She gave away the secret.
Test 13D
Read the story and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
Calvin Coolidge was elected US President in 1924. He didn't believe (►) in doing too much, and his slogan was'Keep cool with Coolidge'. Soon (1)…………….. moving into the White House, Coolidge invited some
oldfriends(2)……………..have dinner with him there. They were all people he (3)…………… to know in the old days, and they were simple country people. They were interested (4).…………… see inside the White House, and they were looking forward to (5)……………..dinner with the President. They thought it was nice
(6)………………him (7)…………. ... invite them. But there was one problem. They weren't used
(8)……………. attending formal dinners, and they were worried that they wouldn't know (9)……………. to behave. They were afraid (10)………………looking foolish. So they decided it would be best (11)……………….everyone to copy exactly what Coolidge did.
At last the day came. During the dinner, when Coolidge picked up his knife and fork, everyone did the same. When he drank, everyone drank, and so on. Finally Coolidge decided to amuse himself
(12)………………playing a little trick on his visitors. He tipped some coffee into his saucer. Everyone did the same.(13)……………….done this, he added a little cream and sugar. Everyone did the same. Then, horrified, they watched Coolidge bend down and (14)…………. ... the saucer on the carpet for his cat.
Test 13E
Complete the conversations. Put in the correct form of each verb. ►A: I'm annoyed about being (be) late. B: Well, I told you to set (set) off in good time, didn't I?
1A: Did you accuse Nigel of ...................................(break) a plate?
B:Well, it was an accident, but he did break it. I saw him………………………….. (knock) it off the table with his elbow.
2A: 1 came here …………………………….(see) Janet. She must have forgotten I was coming.
B: It seems rather careless of her................................. |
(forget). |
3A: Are you going to have a rest now after………………………... (do) all the cleaning? B: No, I've got some letters ………………………………..(write).
4A: You say you need some advice?
B: Yes, I'm sorry……………………… (bother) you, but I don't know who………………………..... (ask). 5 A: Do you like Scrabble?
B: Well, I used …………………………… (play) it quite a lot, but I got fed up with it. I'd rather ......................... (watch) television, actually.
76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
A What is the difference?
a ship |
two boats |
COUNTABLE
A countable noun (e.g ship) can be singular or plural. We can count ships. We can say a ship/one ship or two ships.
Here are some examples of countable nouns.
We could see a ship in the distance. Claire has only got one sister. I've got a problem with the car. Do you like these photos? I'm going out for five minutes.
water
UNCOUNTABLE
An uncountable noun (e.g. water) is neither singular nor plural. We cannot count water. We can say water or some water but NOT a water or two waters.
Here are some examples of uncountable nouns.
Can I have some water? Shall we sit on the grass? The money is quite safe. I love music. Would you like some butter?
BNouns after the, a/an and numbers
There are some words that go with both countable and uncountable nouns. One of these is the.
We can say the ship (singular), the ships (plural) or the water (uncountable). But other words go with one kind of noun but not with the other.
COUNTABLE
A/an or one goes only with a singular noun. I need a spoon. Numbers above one go only
with plural nouns.
We eat three meals a dav.
UNCOUNTABLE
We do not use a/an with an uncountable noun. NOT A WATER and NOT A-music. We do not use numbers with an uncountable noun. NOT three feeds
CNouns after some, many/much, etc
Some and any go with plural or uncountable nouns. We can also use plural and uncountable nouns on their own, without some or any.
PLURAL
Tom told some jokes. Do you know any jokes? Tom usually tells jokes. But NOT He told joke.
Many and a few go only with plural nouns.
There weren't many bottles. I made a few sandwiches.
UNCOUNTABLE
We had some fun. That won't be any fun. We always have fun.
Much and a little go with uncountable nouns.
I don't drink much wine. There was only a little bread left.
79 Agreement 85 A/an, one and some 95 Many and much
76Exercises
1What is the difference? (A)
Look at the underlined nouns. Are they are countable or uncountable?
?There was a car behind us.
?I never eat meat.
1Do you play golf?
2I had to wait ten minutes.
3Just tell me one thing.
countable 4 Love makes the world go round. uncountable 5 Good luck in your new job.
6Power stations produce energy.
7I'm taking a photo.
8Would you like an apple?
2 A and some (B-C)
Laura has been to the supermarket. What has she bought? Use a or some with these words: banana, biscuits, butter, cheese, eggs, flowers, lemon, light bulb, mineral water, magazine, soap, wine
? |
some/lowers |
4 |
.................................................................... |
? |
a magazine |
5 |
............................................................................. |
? |
some cheese |
6 ........................................................................... |
|
1 |
........................................................ |
7 .................................................................... |
|
2 |
……………………………………… |
8 |
……………………………………………… |
3 |
……………………………………… |
9 |
……………………………………………… |
Countable and uncountable nouns (A-C)
Complete the conversation. Choose the correct form.
Jessica: |
What are you doing, Andrew? |
||
Andrew: I'm writing (► |
)essay |
/an essay. |
|
Jessica: |
Oh, you've got (1) computer/a computer. Do you always write (2) essay/essays on your |
||
|
computer? Andrew: Yes, but I'm not doing very well today. I've been working on my plan |
||
for about three |
|||
|
(3) hour/hours now. Jessica: You've got lots of books to help you, though. I haven't got as (4) |
||
many/much books as you. |
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|
That's because I haven't got much (5) money/moneys. Quite often I can't even afford to buy |
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(6) food/a food. |
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Andrew: |
Really? That can't be (7) many/much fun. Jessica: I'd like to get (8) job/a job I can do in my |
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spare time and earn (9) a/some money. I've got |
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|
(10) a few/a little ideas, but what do you think I should do? |
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Andrew: I know someone who paints (11) picture/pictures and sells them. Why don't you do that? |
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Jessica: |
Because I'm no good at painting. |