- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Key to symbols
- •Starting test
- •1. Word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc
- •2. Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc
- •3 Direct and indirect objects
- •4 The present continuous
- •4 The present simple
- •5 Present continuous or simple?
- •7 State verbs and action verbs
- •Test 1 Present tenses (Units 4-7)
- •8 The past simple
- •9 The past continuous
- •10 Past continuous or simple?
- •Test 2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 8-10)
- •11 The present perfect (1)
- •12 The present perfect (2): just, already, yet; for and since
- •13 The present perfect (3): ever, this week, etc
- •14 Present perfect or past simple? (1)
- •15 Present perfect or past simple? (2)
- •Test 3 Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)
- •16 The present perfect continuous
- •17 Present perfect continuous or simple?
- •18 The past perfect
- •19 Review of the past simple, continuous and perfect
- •20 The past perfect continuous
- •TEST 4 Past and perfect tenses (Units 16-20)
- •21 Review of present and past tenses
- •TEST 5 Present and past tenses (Unit 21)
- •22 Introduction to the future
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •25 Will and be going to
- •26 Present tenses for the future
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •TEST 6 The future with will, be going to and present tenses (Units 23-27)
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •30 Review of the future
- •Test 7 The future (Units 23-30)
- •31 The verb have
- •32 Short forms, e.g. it's, don't
- •33 Emphatic do
- •34 Yes/no questions
- •35 Short answers, e.g. Yes, it is.
- •37 Subject/object questions
- •38 Prepositions in wh-questions
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •TEST 8 Questions (Units 34-39)
- •40 Negative statements
- •41 Negative questions
- •42 Question tags, e.g. isn't it?
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •TEST 9 Questions, negatives and answers (Units 34-43)
- •44 Ability: can, could and be able to
- •45 Permission: can, may, could and be allowed to
- •46 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc
- •47 Necessity: must and have to
- •48 Necessity: mustn't, needn't, etc
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •50 Asking people to do things
- •51 Suggestions, offers and invitations
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •Modal verbs (Units 44-53)
- •54 Passive verb forms
- •55 Active and passive (1)
- •56 Active and passive (2)
- •57 Special passive structures
- •58 Have something done
- •59 To be done and being done
- •The passive (Units 54-59)
- •60 Verb + to-infinitive
- •61 Verb + ing-form
- •62 Verb + to-infinitive or verb + ing-form?
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •TEST 12 Verb + to-infinitive or ing-form (Units 60-64)
- •65 Verb + object + to-infinitive or ing-form
- •66 Question word + to-infinitive
- •67 Adjective + to-infinitive
- •68 For with the to-infinitive
- •69 The infinitive with and without to
- •70 Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •73 Preposition or linking word + ing-form
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •75 Some structures with the ing-form
- •TEST 13 The infinitive and the ing-form (Units 65-75)
- •76 Ship and water: countable and uncountable nouns
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable
- •79 Agreemen
- •80 Singular or plural?
- •81 Pair nouns and group nouns
- •82 Two nouns together
- •TEST 14 Nouns and agreement (Units 76-82)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •90 Place names and the
- •TEST 15 A/an and the (Units 83-90)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •93 The possessive form and of
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •TEST 16 This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc (Units 91-97)
- •98 Personal pronouns, e.g. I, you
- •99 There and it
- •100 Reflexive pronouns
- •101 Emphatic pronouns and each other
- •102 The pronoun one/ones
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •TEST 17 Pronouns (Units 98-103)
- •104 Adjectives
- •105 The order of adjectives
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •108 Adjective or adverb? (1)
- •109 Adjective or adverb? (2)
- •Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)
- •110 Comparative and superlative forms
- •111 Comparative and superlative patterns (1)
- •112 Comparative and superlative patterns (2)
- •TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
- •113 Adverbs and word order
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •115 Adverbs of degree, e.g. very, quite
- •116 Quite and rather
- •117 Too and enough
- •TEST 20 Adverbs and word order (Units 113-117)
- •118 Prepositions of place
- •119 In, on and at (place)
- •120 In, on and at (time)
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •123 Preposition + noun, e.g. on holiday
- •124 Noun + preposition, e.g. trouble with
- •125 Adjective + preposition, e.g. proud of
- •TEST 21 Prepositions (Units 118-125)
- •126 Prepositional verbs, e.g. wait for
- •127 Verb + object + preposition
- •128 Phrasal verbs (1)
- •129 Phrasal verbs (2)
- •130 Phrasal verbs (3)
- •131 Verb + adverb + preposition
- •TEST 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs (Units 126-131)
- •132 Direct speech and reported speech
- •133 Reported speech: person, place and time
- •134 Reported speech: the tense change
- •135 Reported questions
- •136 Reported requests, offers, etc
- •TEST 23 Reported speech (Units 132-136)
- •137 Relative clauses with who, which and that
- •138 The relative pronoun as object
- •139 Prepositions in relative clauses
- •140 Relative structures with whose, what and it
- •141 The use of relative clauses
- •142 Relative pronouns and relative adverbs
- •143 Relative clauses: participle and to-infinitive
- •TEST 24 Relative clauses (Units 137-143)
- •144 Conditionals (1)
- •145 Conditionals (2)
- •146 Conditionals (3)
- •147 Review of conditionals
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •149 Wish and if only
- •TEST 25 Conditionals and wish (Units 144-149)
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •152 Review of linking words
- •152 Exercises
- •153 Links across sentences
- •Appendix 1. Word formation
- •Appendix 2: The spelling of endings
- •Appendix 3: Punctuation
- •Appendix 5: American English
- •Appendix 6: Irregular verbs
- •Key to the starting test
- •Key to the exercises
- •Key to the tests
TEST 19 Comparative and superlative (Units 110-112)
Test 19A
Write the comparative form of the words in brackets.
?They've made these chocolate bars smaller (small).
?Sport is more interesting (interesting) than politics.
1 |
Can't you think of anything |
........................................ (intelligent) to say? |
2 |
Well, the place looks............................................... |
(clean) now. |
3Janet looks ……………………………… (thin) than she did.
4You need to draw it…………………................... (carefully).
5 |
The weather is getting ............................................. |
(bad). |
6 |
The programme will be shown at a ........................................... |
(late) date. |
7 |
I can't stay ........................................ |
(long) than half an hour. |
8 |
A mobile phone would be a ...................................... |
(useful) present. |
9 |
I'll try to finish the job ....................................... |
(soon). |
10It was ……………………………… (busy) than usual in town today.
11I'll be even ……………………………. . (annoyed) if you do that again.
12 Since the break-in I feel .............................................. |
(nervous). |
Test 19B
Write the superlative form of the words in brackets.
?It's the shortest (short) day of the year.
?It's the most beautiful (beautiful) building in the world.
1 That was the............................................... |
(funny) film I've ever seen. |
2It was the ……………. ........................(horrible) feeling I've ever had.
3Have you read her ………. ................................ (recent) book?
4 |
It's the .......................................... |
|
(large) company in the country. |
5 |
It was the ……………………………….(boring) speech I've ever heard. |
||
6 |
You've got the |
..................................... |
(far) to travel. |
7 |
That's the .............................................. |
|
(helpful) idea so far. |
8 |
The factory uses the ........................................... |
(modern) production methods. |
|
9 |
This is the …………………………… (early) I've ever got up. |
||
10 |
It was the ......... |
…………....................(sad) day of my life. |
Test 19C
Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a sentence is correct put a tick (/). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.
? |
I've got the least powerful computer in the world. |
V |
? |
London is mere bigger than Birmingham. |
more |
1Silver isn't as expensive as gold.
2Indian food is the nicer than Chinese, I think.
3The telephone is one of the most useful inventions ever
4I feel a much better now, thank you.
5The longer you wait, so the harder it'll be.
6The piano is heavier than the sofa.
7This is the most quickest way to the hotel.
8You're taller than he is.
9Who is the cleverest student in of the class?
10The weather is getting hotter and more hotter.
Test 19 D
Read this part of Tessa's letter to her friend Angela about her new job.
Then look at the answers after the letter and write the correct answer in each space.
My new job is great. I like it (►)much better than my old one. The people here are
(1)…………………………than I expected. Luckily my new boss isn't as rude
(2)………………………….my old boss, Mrs Crossley, was. I hated her. She was the
(3)………………………..... friendly person I've ever met. Everyone here is older
(4)…………………………. In fact I'm the youngest person (5)……………………………. the office. But I don't mind.
The good thing about the job is that I get a (6)…………………………. more money, although not much more than I did before. The bad thing is that the journey isn't (7)…………………………… simple as it was in my old job, where the bus took me straight there. Now I have to change buses. But I'm allowed to start work early. The earlier I leave home, (8) ................…………….. the journey is because the buses aren't so crowded.
► a) more |
b) most |
c) much |
d) very |
|
1 |
a) more nice |
b) most nice |
c) nicer |
d) nicest |
2 |
a) as |
b) so |
c) than |
d) that |
3 |
a) least |
b) less |
c) less and less |
d) so |
4 |
a) as I |
b) as me |
c) than I |
d) than me |
5 |
a) from |
b) in |
c) of |
d) out of |
6 |
a) bit |
b) less |
c) lot |
d) much |
7 |
a) as |
b) less |
c) more |
d) same |
8 |
a) more easier |
b) more easy |
c) the easier |
d) the easy |
Test 19 E
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.
►This train is more convenient than all the others, (most) This train is the most convenient.
1The living-room isn't as big as the kitchen, (bigger)
The kitchen .......................................................................................................................
2I'm not as fit as you. (am)
You're ........................................................................................................................................
3The table and the desk are the same size, (big)
The table......................................................................................................................................... |
the desk. |
4Prices just get higher all the time, (and) Prices..........................................................................................................................................
5The dress is cheaper than the skirt, (expensive)
The skirt.......................................................................................................................................... |
the dress. |
6This crossword is the easiest, (difficult) This crossword...............................
7Their excitement was increasing all the time, (excited)
They were getting ...........................................................................................................................
8I've never read a more romantic story, (most)
It's the .......................................................................................................................................... |
read. |
113 Adverbs and word order
A Where do adverbs go?
There are three places in the sentences where an adverb can go. They are called front position (at the beginning of a sentence), mid position (see B) and end position (at the end of a sentence). (But for adverbs of degree see Unit 115.)
FRONT |
|
MID |
|
END |
Then |
the ship |
slowly |
sailed |
away. |
Outside |
it was |
obviously |
raining |
hard. |
B Mid position
Mid position means close to the verb. Here are some examples of adverbs in mid position.
|
AUXILIARY |
ADVERB |
AUXILIARY |
MAIN VfcRB |
|
The visitors |
are |
just |
|
leaving. |
|
Andrew |
has |
always |
|
liked |
Jessica. |
We |
don't |
often |
|
go |
out in the evening. |
You |
should |
never |
|
take |
unnecessary risks. |
The pictures |
have |
definitely |
been |
stolen. |
|
I |
|
really |
|
hate |
housework. |
You |
|
probably |
|
left |
the bag on the bus. |
The adverb comes after the first auxiliary, e.g. are, has, don't.
If there is no auxiliary, then the adverb comes before the main verb, e.g. hate, left.
Note the word order in questions. |
|
Has Andrew always liked Jessica? |
Do you often go out in the evening? |
When the verb be is on its own, the adverb usually comes after it. |
|
The boss is usually in a bad temper. |
You're certainly a lot better today. |
When there is stress on the main verb be or on the auxiliary, then the adverb usually comes before it.
You certainly are a lot better today. I really have made a mess, haven't I?
C Verb and object
An adverb does not usually go between the verb and the direct object.
We put it in end position, after the object.
|
VERB |
OBJECT |
ADVERB |
|
Tom |
ate |
his breakfast |
quickly. |
NOT Tom-ate-quickly his'-breakfast. |
We |
played |
volleyball |
yesterday, NOT We played yesterday volleyball. |
|
I |
like |
classical music |
very much, NOT I like very much classical music. |
But an adverb can go before a long object.
Detectives examined carefully the contents of the dead man's pockets.
D Adverbs of manner
An adverb of manner tells us how something happens, e.g. noisily, quickly. It usually goes in end position, but an adverb which ends in ly can sometimes go in mid position. We asked permission politely. We politely asked permission.
E Adverbs of place and time
Adverbs and adverbial phrases of place and time usually go in end position.
Is there a phone box nearby? |
People didn't have cars then. |
We're meeting by the entrance. |
Trevor wasn't very well last week. |
Did you have a nice time in New York? I'll see you before very long.
Sometimes they can go in front position.
We're really busy this week. Last week we had nothing to do.
Some short adverbs of time can also go in mid position.
I'll soon find out. The train is now approaching Swindon.
For yet, still and already see Unit 114.
F Adverbs of frequency
An adverb of frequency tells us 'how often'. It usually goes in mid position (see B).
Mark is always in such a hurry. I sometimes feel depressed.
I've often thought about getting married. Do you usually work so late? Normally, usually, often, sometimes and occasionally can also go in front or end position.
Normally Sarah goes by train. 1 feel depressed sometimes.
Phrases like every day, once a week or most evenings go in front or end position.
Every day we go logging. Rachel has a driving lesson three times a week. There's a news summary every hour. We watch television most evenings.
G Sentence adverbs
A sentence adverb is a word or phrase like certainly, perhaps, luckily, of course. It says something about the situation described in the sentence. The adverb can go in front, mid or end position. Sometimes we put a comma after or before the adverb, especially in front or end position.
Fortunately, the weather stayed fine. Maybe you'll win a free holiday. We'll probably have to queue for tickets. Rachel was late, of course. In a
negative sentence, probably and certainly come before won't, didn't, etc.
We probably won't get there in time. I certainly didn't expect a present!
Also usually goes in mid position, but too and as well go in end position.
Melanie bakes lovely cakes. She also makes bread./She makes bread, too/as well.
H End position
There can be more than one adverb or adverbial phrase in end position. Usually a single-word adverb (e.g. safely) comes before a phrase (e.g. on a small airfield).
They landed safely on a small airfield. I always eat here at lunch-time.
When there is a close link in meaning between a verb and an adverb, then that adverb goes next to the verb. For example, with verbs of movement like go, come and move, a phrase of place comes before time.
I usually go to bed early. Tom came here yesterday.
My parents moved to London in 1993.
But often two adverbial phrases can go in either order.
The concert was held at the arts centre last night. The concert was held last night at the arts centre.
113 Exercises
1 Adverbs (A-B)
Read each sentence and write down the word which is an adverb. ► I'm just finishing an interesting article in this magazine, just
1We have to leave our dirty shoes outside.
2Perhaps you have to type a password into the computer.
3Someone always leaves this door open.
4Obviously we aren't going to go for a walk in the rain.
5The car rolled silently down the hill.
6Your friend Andrew works hard, doesn't he?
2 Adverbs and their position (A-B)
Read this true story. Some adverbs are underlined. Say if their position is front, mid or end.
Once a man called Alvin decided to rob a bank in Montgomery, Alabama. Alvin's parents had often told him that good manners were important. So Alvin went to the bank and stood in line. He waited patiently Soon it was his turn. He dramatically pulled out a gun and threatened the cashier. She politely told him tl he was in the wrong line and should go to another counter. Alvin immediately went to the correct place a stood in line again. Suddenly the police rushed in and arrested him. Alvin was amazed. They'd caught hir before he'd even done the robbery. The moral of the story is that you shouldn't always do what your pare: tell you.
|
ADVERB |
POSITION |
ADVERB |
POSITION |
► once |
front |
|
|
|
1 |
often |
6 |
immediately |
|
2 |
patiently |
7 |
again |
|
3 |
soon |
8 |
suddenly |
|
4 |
dramatically |
9 |
even |
|
5 |
politely |
10 always |
|
3 Mid position (B)
Complete the conversations using the words in brackets. Put the adverbs in the best place.
► Emma: |
Did you know the man who tried to steal your bag? (certainly / recognize / would) |
||
|
Vicky: |
No, but I would certainly recognize him again. |
|
1 |
David: |
That was a goal, wasn't it? (clearly / crossed) |
|
|
Tom: |
Yes, the ball...................................................... |
theline. |
2 |
Mark: |
The weather is a lot better today, (probably / rain / will) |
|
|
Sarah: |
It said on the radio it ................................................................. |
later. |
3 |
Tom: |
How do we get to Mike's place? (didn't / fully / understand) |
|
|
Nick: |
I don't know. I .......................................................... |
the directions. |
4 |
Harriet: |
It's quiet here today, isn't it? (usually / are) |
|
|
Laura: |
Yes, the neighbours .................................................. |
out on a Sunday |
5 |
Emma: |
Have you been to this place before? (it / occasionally / visited) |
|
|
Matthew: |
Yes, I........................................................................ |
asachild |
6 |
Alan: |
Did the computers crash this morning? (soon / were / working) |
|
|
Mark: |
Yes, but they ............................................................................. |
again. |
7 |
Melanie: |
Your friend's late, Vicky, (forgotten / has / obviously) |
|
|
Vicky: |
Rachel ........................................................................... |
that we arranged to go out. |
4 Adverbs of frequency (B, F)
Look at what people are saying and write the information in one sentence.
Put the adverb or adverbial phrase in mid or end position. Choose the best position.
?Vicky: I lose my way in London. It always happens.
Vicky always loses her way in London.
?Laura: The birds wake me up. It happens every morning.
The birds wake Laura up every morning.
1David: It rains when I'm on holiday. Well, usually.
2Rita: My friend visits me. She comes most weekends.
3Mark: I get a pay rise. I get one every year.
4Rachel: I don't check my work. 1 never do that.
5 Adverbs and word order (A-G)
Put the words in the right order and write the statements. Sometimes there is more than one possible order. ► cleaned / every day / is / the office The office is cleaned every day.
1always / I've / known / your secret
2afford / can't / certainly / a new car / we
3didn't / far / the tourists / walk
4carefully / cut / the paper / Tom
5also / can / Natasha / play / the violin
6I / most days / read / the newspaper
6 Adverbs in end position (H)
Complete these sentences from a newspaper. Put the words and phrases in the best order. ► The Queen has visited the show regularly since 1985 (regularly / since 1985).
1The President died ……………………………………………………(at his home / peacefully).
2The protesters marched .………………………………………….(through the streets / yesterday).
3The Prime Minister went .........................................……………………..(last year / to Greece).
4Henry likes Rome. He spent a week .......................................... ……………………(in June / there).
7 Adverbs and word order (A-H)
Read the postcard from Olivia to her friend Kirsty and write the sentences. Put the adverbs in the best place.
(►)Thank you for having us (last weekend). (1) We had a lovely time (in the country). (2) We arrived home at about eight (safely). (3) You must come and visit us (before too long). (4) It's nice to see you and Tony (always). (5) You'll be able to come in the new year (maybe). (6) We'll see you (sometime).
► Thank you for having us last weekend.
1
2
3
4
5
6