Encyclopedia of SociologyVol._1

The revision of the Encyclopedia of Sociology began with the optimistic hope that following reasonably on the original edition it would turn out to be easier to do. It did not turn out that way, but for good reasons. With the support and encouragement of Elly Dickason, Macmillan Reference USA’s Publisher, the research and development for the project was more extensive than anticipated. On this score, our debt to the Advisory Editors in providing broad reviews and suggestions can hardly be emphasized enough. Further, as we proceeded in inviting old and new authors it became apparent that the Encyclopedia was getting a great deal of use and authors provided guidance from their experience on directions for development. Our authors are, of course, truly responsible for the Encyclopedia, but in addition through much interaction they provided support that was both welcome and of enormous value.

Marie L. Borgatta was the managing editor for the original publication, and for this edition she requested a less demanding role as a consulting editor. It was a nice idea, but she inevitably became involved and delivered support in quantities and quality that can only be described as exploitation.

Many ideas and innovations are due to her participation in the project. As Managing Editor for the revision, Rhonda J. V. Montgomery provided a work and intellectual partnership for the project that contributed enormously to the breadth and quality of the Revised Edition. Her initiatives kept the progress of the project smooth and on a reasonable schedule in spite of often unanticipated demands.

During the preparation of this Revised Edition, the Gale Group acquired Macmillan Reference USA, and production moved from New York to Michigan. This was done with only minimal loss of time and effort because of the planning and management of Elly Dickason, the Publisher, but also because in the New York office Timothy Prairie generated a very effective program for copyediting manuscripts and managing the records of progress. Of course, the shift to Michigan was obviously not effortless, but Linda Hubbard guided the project into the capable hands of Pamela

Proffitt, who took on the mammoth task of making the Revised Edition of the Encyclopedia of Sociology a reality. The devoted efforts of the publisher’s staff are greatly appreciated.

ADOLESCENCE

Michael J. Shanahan

ADULT EDUCATION

John Houghton

ADULTHOOD

Jeylan T. Mortimer

Pamela Aronson

AFFECT CONTROL THEORY AND IMPRESSION FORMATION

David R. Heise

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

Nathan Glazer

AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDIES

Joe R. Feagin

AFRICAN STUDIES

Walter R. Allen

Shani O’Neal

AGGRESSION

Craig A. Anderson

AGING AND THE LIFE COURSE

Linda K. George

AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION

David Gartrell

John Gartrell

ALCOHOL

Ronald L. Akers

Thomas R. Heffington

ALIENATION

Clarence Y. H. Lo

ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLES

Karen Seccombe

ALTRUISM

Judith Howard

Jane Allyn Piliavin

AMERICAN FAMILIES

Laurie Russell Hatch

AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES

C. Matthew Snipp

AMERICAN SOCIETY

Robin Williams, Jr.

AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND OTHER SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS

Carla B. Howery

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND COVARIANCE

Richard A. Bulcroft

ANOMIE

Robert Crutchfield

Kristin A. Bates

APPLIED SOCIOLOGY

David W. Britt

ART AND SOCIETY

Gladys Lang

ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES

William T. Liu

Elena S. H. Yu

ATTITUDES

John D. DeLamater

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

Judith Howard

Danielle Kane

BANKRUPTCY AND CREDIT

Teresa A. Sullivan

BEHAVIORISM

W. David Pierce

BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

Deborah A. Sullivan

BRITISH SOCIOLOGY

Vaneeta D’Andrea

Peter Robbins

BUREAUCRACY

David G. Nickinovich

CAPITALISM

Patrick H. Mooney

CASE STUDIES

Gale E. Miller

Richard S. Jones

CASTE AND INHERITED STATUS

Rita Jalali

CAUSAL INFERENCE MODELS

Hubert M. Blalock, Jr.

CENSORSHIP AND THE REGULATION OF EXPRESSION

Jeffrey Strange

Melanie Green

Timothy Brock

CENSUS

Karl E. Taeuber

CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE

Heather Cecil

CHINA STUDIES

Martin K. Whyte

CITIES

Maurice D. Van Arsdol, Jr.

CIVIL LIBERTIES

Howard P. Greenwald

CLASS AND RACE

Edna Bonacich

CLINICAL SOCIOLOGY

Jan Fritz

COALITIONS

Theodore Caplow

COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY THEORIES

Todd D. Nelson

COHORT PERSPECTIVES

Matilda White Riley

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

Ralph H. Turner

COMMUNITARIANISM

Amitai Etzioni

COMMUNITY

Gunnar Almgren

COMPARABLE WORTH

Nancy E. Durbin

Barbara Melber

COMPARATIVE HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS

Mary Zimmerman

COMPARATIVE-HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY

Larry Griffin

COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONS

Howard E. Aldrich

Peter V. Marsden

COMPLIANCE AND

CONFORMITY

Cecilia L. Ridgeway

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SOCIOLOGY

Ronald E. Anderson

CONFLICT THEORY

Randall Collins

CONTENT ANALYSIS

Philip J. Stone

CONVERGENCE THEORIES

Richard M. Coughlin

CONVERSATION ANALYSIS

Jack Whalen

Geoff Raymond

CORPORATE ORGANIZATIONS

Cora B. Marrett

CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Herbert L. Costner

COUNTERCULTURES

Patricia A. Adler

Peter Adler

COURTSHIP

Mary Riege Laner

COURT SYSTEMS AND LAW

Edward Gross

CRIME, THEORIES OF

Don C. Gibbons

CRIME RATES

Robert M. O’Brien

CRIMINAL AND DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES

James F. Short

CRIMINALIZATION OF DEVIANCE

Jackson Toby

CRIMINAL SANCTIONS

Peter Cordella

CRIMINOLOGY

Robert Crutchfield

CRITICAL THEORY

Dwight B. Billings

Patricia Jennings

CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS

William A. Corsaro

Arthur Alderson

CROWDS AND RIOTS

David Snow

Ronnelle Paulsen

CULTURE

Samuel L. Gilmore

DATA BANKS AND

DEPOSITORIES

Guido Martinotti

Sonia Stefanizzi

DEATH AND DYING

John W. Riley, Jr.

DECISION-MAKING THEORY AND RESEARCH

Evan Pritchard

DEMOCRACY

Andrew L. Creighton

DEMOGRAPHIC METHODS

Neil G. Bennett

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

Avery M. Guest

Gunnar Almgren

DEMOGRAPHY

Halliman H. Winsborough

DEPENDENCY THEORY

Jon Hendricks

DEPRESSION

Regan A. R. Gurung

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Daphne Kuo

DEVIANCE THEORIES

George S. Bridges

Scott A. Desmond

DIFFUSION THEORIES

Ronald W. Perry

DISASTER RESEARCH

Enrico L. Quarantelli

DISCRIMINATION

Thomas F. Pettigrew

Marylee C. Taylor

DIVISION OF LABOR

Paul Morgan Baker

DIVORCE

Steven L. Nock

Alison Burke Albers

DRUG ABUSE

Charles Winick

Leonard Saxe

ECONOMIC DETERMINISM

William DiFazio

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

Fred Block

ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY

Richard Swedberg

EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION

Kevin Dougherty

Floyd Hammack

EDUCATION AND

DEVELOPMENT

Yih-Jin Young

EDUCATION AND MOBILITY

John Katsillis

J. Michael Armer

EMOTIONS

Theodore D. Kemper

ENVIRONMENTAL EQUITY

Glynis Daniels

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY

Riley E. Dunlap

Eugene A. Rosa

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Charles E. Holzer, III

EPISTEMOLOGY

Costantino Cipolla

Guido Giarelli

EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY

James M. McPartland

Jomills Henry Braddock, II

ETHICS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

Howard P. Greenwald

ETHNICITY

Richard D. Alba

ETHNOGRAPHY

Carol A. B. Warren

ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

John Heritage

EVALUATION RESEARCH

Karl Kosloski

EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS

Paul D. Allison

EVOLUTION: BIOLOGICAL,

SOCIAL, CULTURAL

Maurice N. Richter, Jr.

EXPECTATION STATES THEORY

Martha Foschi

EXPERIMENTS

Gerald Marwell

EXTREME INFLUENCE: THOUGHT REFORM, HIGH CONTROL GROUPS, INTERROGATION, AND RECOVERED MEMORY PSYCHOTHERAPY

Richard Ofshe

FACTOR ANALYSIS

Duane F. Alwin

FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE

Gary R. Lee

Padma Srinivasan

FAMILY AND POPULATION POLICY IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Julie Brines

FAMILY AND RELIGION

Jeffrey G. Pankhurst

Susan K. Houseknecht

FAMILY LAW

Lisa J. McIntyre

FAMILY PLANNING

Jacqueline Darroch

Jennifer Frost

FAMILY POLICY IN WESTERN SOCIETIES

Irving Tallman

Ginna M. Babcock

FAMILY SIZE

Lauri Steel

FAMILY VIOLENCE

Murray A. Straus

FEMININITY/MASCULINITY

Peter J. Burke

Jan E. Stets

FEMINIST THEORY

Gaye Tuchman

FERTILITY DETERMINANTS

Susan Cotts Watkins

FIELD THEORY

Richard B. Kettner-Polley

FILIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Rhonda J. V. Montgomery

FRENCH SCHOOL OF

SOCIOLOGY, THE

Bernard Valade

FUNCTIONALISM AND

STRUCTURALISM

Alexandra Maryanski

Jonathan H. Turner

FUTURES STUDIES AS HUMAN AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY

Eleonora Barbieri Masini

GAME THEORY AND STRATEGIC INTERACTION

H. Andrew Michener

GENDER

Judith Lorber

GENOCIDE

David Smith

GERMAN SOCIOLOGY

Erwin K. Scheuch

GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Sean O Riain

Peter B. Evans

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

Robin Stryker

GROUP CONFLICT RESOLUTION

Lynne Woehrle

GROUP SIZE

David R. Schmitt

HEALTH AND ILLNESS

BEHAVIOR

David Mechanic

Donna McAlpine

HEALTH AND THE LIFE COURSE

Donald E. Stull

HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION AND EXPENDITURES

Charlene Harrington

David N. Pellow

HEALTH POLICY ANALYSIS

Carroll L. Estes

Christopher Wellin

HEALTH PROMOTION AND HEALTH STATUS

Rosalie F. Young

HIERARCHICAL LINEAR

MODELS

A. George Alder

HIGHER EDUCATION

Steven G. Brint

HISPANIC AMERICANS

Marta Tienda

HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY

Stephen A. Kent

HOMELESSNESS

Barrett A. Lee

HUMAN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

Lakshmi Bharadwaj

HUMANISM

Joseph Scimecca

HUMAN NATURE

Alan Wolfe

HUMAN RIGHTS/CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

Edgar F. Borgatta

IDENTITY THEORY

Sheldon Stryker

ILLEGITIMACY

Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr.

IMPERIALISM, COLONIALISM, AND DECOLONIZATION

David Strang

INCEST

Brenda J. Vander Mey

INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES

Beth B. Hess

INDIAN SOCIOLOGY

Vimal P. Shah

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

Joane Nagel

Thomas D. Hall

INDIVIDUALISM

Lawrence E. Hazelrigg

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

R. Alan Hedley

INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY

Ivar Berg

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY

Georgina Rojas-Garcia

Samuel Echevarria

INFORMAL ECONOMY, THE

Ann R. Tickamyer

Stephanie Bohon

INFORMATION SOCIETY

Don A. Dillman

INHERITANCE

Marvin B. Sussman

INTELLECTUALS

Seymour Martin Lipset

INTELLIGENCE

Linda S. Gottfredson

INTERGENERATIONAL

RELATIONS

Karl Pillemer

J. Jill Suitor

Shirley A. Keeton

INTERGENERATIONAL RESOURCE TRANSFERS

Donald E. Stull

Barbara Hirshorn

INTERGROUP AND INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS

Oscar Grusky

Jeff Erger

INTERMARRIAGE

Grace J. Yoo

Robert E. Staples

INTERNAL MIGRATION

Charles F. Longino, Jr.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN SOCIOLOGY

David Sciulli

INTERNATIONAL LAW

Mary Ellen O’Connell

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

David M. Heer

INTERNET

Christopher W. Gunn

Diana Odom Gunn

INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

Ardyth Stimson

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION

Anupama Joshi

INTERPERSONAL POWER

Morris Zelditch, Jr.

ITALIAN SOCIOLOGY

Alberto Gasparini

JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY

Masamichi Sasaki

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, THEORIES OF

John Hagan

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (AND JUVENILE CRIME)

James E. Teele

KINSHIP SYSTEMS AND FAMILY TYPES

Bernard Farber

LABOR FORCE

Valerie K. Oppenheimer

LABOR MOVEMENTS AND UNIONS

William Form

LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES

Carlos H. Waisman

LAW AND LEGAL SYSTEMS

Joseph Sanders

LAW AND SOCIETY

William M. Evan

LEADERSHIP

Roya Ayman

LEGISLATION OF MORALITY

Augustine Brannigan

LEISURE

John R. Kelly

LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

Robert M. O’Brien

LIBERALISM/CONSERVATISM

Robert Boguslaw

LIBRARY RESOURCES AND SERVICES FOR SOCIOLOGY

Timothy D. Jewell

LIFE COURSE, THE

Glen H. Elder, Jr.

LIFE CYCLE

Dennis Hogan

LIFE EXPECTANCY

Eileen M. Crimmins

LIFE HISTORIES AND

NARRATIVE

David R. Maines

LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH

Janet Hankin

LITERATURE AND SOCIETY

Sarah M. Corse

LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

Richard T. Campbell

LONG-TERM CARE

David R. Phillips

LONG TERM CARE FACILITIES

Eva Kahana

LOVE

Felix M. Berardo

Erica Owens

MACROSOCIOLOGY

Ann R. Tickamyer

Jieli Li

MAJOR PERSONALITY THEORIES

Raymond J. Corsini

MARGINAL EMPLOYMENT

Leif Jensen

Timothy A. Slack

MARITAL ADJUSTMENT

Yoshinori Kamo

MARRIAGE

Marilyn Ihinger-Tallman

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE RATES

Paul C. Glick

MARXIST SOCIOLOGY

Raymond A. Morrow

MASS MEDIA RESEARCH

Janice M. Engsberg

Gladys Lang

Kurt Lang

MASS SOCIETY

Richard F. Hamilton

MATERIALISM

Robert J. Antonio

MATE SELECTION THEORIES

Kris Bulcroft

MATHEMATICAL SOCIOLOGY

Barbara F. Meeker

Robert K. Leik

MEASUREMENT

Edgar F. Borgatta

Yoshinori Kamo

MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION

Herbert L. Costner

MEDICAL-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Carroll L. Estes

David N. Pellow

Charlene Harrington

MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY

Mary Zimmerman

MENTAL ILLNESS AND MENTAL DISORDERS

Suzanne T. Ortega

Sharon L. Larson

META-ANALYSIS

Blair T. Johnson

METATHEORY

Walter L. Wallace

MEXICAN STUDIES

Guillermo de la Pena

Bryan R. Roberts

MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES

George Sabagh

MILITARY SOCIOLOGY

David J. Armor

MODERNIZATION THEORY

J. Michael Armer

John Katsillis

MONEY

Viviana Zelizer

MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Thomas J. Figurski

MULTIPLE INDICATOR MODELS

Kyle Kercher

MUSIC

Richard A. Peterson

NATIONAL BORDER RELATIONS, MANAGEMENT OF

Raimondo Strassoldo

NATIONALISM

Saad Nagi

NEGOTIATION OF POWER

Bruno Tellia

NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS

Subhash Sonnad

OBSERVATION SYSTEMS

Richard B. Kettner-Polley

OCCUPATIONAL AND CAREER MOBILITY

Margaret Mooney Marini

OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE

Keiko Nakao

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Rodolfo Alvarez

Leah Robin

ORGANIZED CRIME

Marilyn E. Walsh

PARADIGMS AND MODELS

Bernard P. Cohen

PARENTAL ROLES

Constance L. Shehan

PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH

Francesca Cancian

PEACE

Louis Kreisberg

PENOLOGY

J. Forbes Farmer

PERSONAL AUTONOMY

Kerry Marsh

PERSONAL DEPENDENCY

Mario Mikulincer

PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Kenneth I. Spenner

PERSONALITY MEASUREMENT

Gerard Saucier

PERSONALITY THEORY

Frank Dumont

PERSUASION

Susan McWilliams

PHENOMENOLOGY

Myron Orleans

POLICE

Carl B. Klockars

POLISH AND EASTERN EUROPEAN SOCIOLOGY

Jacek Szmatka

Kinga Wysienska

POLITICAL AND

GOVERNMENTAL

CORRUPTION

Richard Mcgrath Skinner

POLITICAL CORRECTNESS

Pierre L. van den Berghe

POLITICAL CRIME

Austin T. Turk

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

David Knoke

POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEMS

Frederick D. Weil

POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY

J. Craig Jenkins

POPULAR CULTURE

Chandra Mukerji

POPULATION

Thomas W. Pullum

PORNOGRAPHY

Charles Winick

POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH

Janet Hankin

POSITIVISM

Jonathan H. Turner

POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Robert A. Fiala

POSTMODERNISM

Augustine Brannigan

POVERTY

Wayne J. Villemez

PRAGMATISM

David R. Maines

PREDICTION AND FUTURES STUDIES

Alberto Gasparini

PREGNANCY AND PREGNANCY TERMINATION

Lynn Borgatta

PREJUDICE

Marylee C. Taylor

Thomas F. Pettigrew

PROBABILITY THEORY

Ronald J. Schoenberg

PROBATION AND PAROLE

Joseph G. Weis

PROFESSIONS

Patricia A. Roos

PROTEST MOVEMENTS

Leonard Gordon

PUBLIC OPINION

Kurt Lang

PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS

James D. Wright

QUALITATIVE METHODS

Laura L. Ellingson

Carolyn Ellis

QUALITATIVE MODELS

Alex Durig

David R. Heise

QUALITY OF LIFE

Kyriakos S. Markides

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCH DESIGNS

Kyle Kercher

Karl Kosloski

RACE

Susan R. Pitchford

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

Russell Hardin

RELIABILITY

Richard A. Zeller

RELIGION, POLITICS, AND WAR

John H. Simpson

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

Jeffrey K. Hadden

RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

James R. Wood

RELIGIOUS ORIENTATIONS

Robert Wuthnow

REMARRIAGE

J. Jill Suitor

Shirley A. Keeton

REPLICATION

Lowell J. Hargens

RESEARCH FUNDING IN SOCIOLOGY

Howard P. Greenwald

RETIREMENT

Melissa A. Hardy

Kim Shuey

REVOLUTIONS

Robert C. Liebman

ROLE THEORY

Bruce J. Biddle

ROLE THEORY: FOUNDATIONS, EXTENSIONS, AND APPLICATIONS

John H. Yost

James R. Bailey

RURAL SOCIOLOGY

Gene F. Summers

Frederick H. Buttel

SAMPLE SELECTION BIAS

Christopher Winship

Robert D. Mare

SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Lowell J. Hargens

SCANDINAVIAN SOCIOLOGY

Carl Gunnar Janson

SCIENCE

Warren Hagstrom

SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION

Linda Derksen

John Gartrell

SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA ARCHIVES

Toby L. Parcel

SECULARIZATION

N.J. Demerath, III

SEGREGATION AND

DESEGREGATION

Albert W. Black, Jr.

SEGREGATION INDICES

Douglas S. Massey

SELF-CONCEPT

Richard B. Felson

SELF-ESTEEM

Todd F. Heatherton

Kathleen D. Vohs

SENTIMENTS

Bernardo Cattarinussi

SEX DIFFERENCES

Monica Biernat

Kay Deaux

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN MARRIAGE AND CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

Marion C. Willetts

Janis C. Weber

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS

Kendal Broad

John H. Scanzoni

William Marsiglio

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Mary Gilmore

Pepper Schwartz

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

William Simon

SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND EXPLOITATION

Sharon Araji

SLAVERY AND INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE

David R. James

Sara Heiliger

SMALL GROUPS

Robert W. Shotola

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ELITES

Patrick Akard

SOCIAL BELONGING

Gabriele Pollini

SOCIAL CAPITAL

Tracy Karner

SOCIAL CHANGE

Craig Calhoun

SOCIAL COMPARISON

PROCESSES

Karen A. Hegvedt

SOCIAL CONTROL

Allen E. Liska

SOCIAL DYNAMICS

Nancy Brandon Tuma

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

Karen S. Cook

SOCIAL FORECASTING

John Stimson

SOCIAL INDICATORS

Kenneth C. Land

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Angela M. O’Rand

SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM

Szonja Szelenyi

SOCIALIZATION

Viktor Gecas

SOCIAL JUSTICE

Duane F. Alwin

SOCIAL MOBILITY

Thomas A. DiPrete

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Robert D. Benford

Timothy B. Gongaware

Danny L. Valadez

SOCIAL NETWORKS

Peter V. Marsden

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Herman Turk

SOCIAL PERCEPTION

Barry Markovsky

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

Alan Wolfe

SOCIAL PROBLEMS

Armand L. Mauss

Valerie Jenness

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Howard B. Kaplan

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF STATUS ALLOCATION

Archibald O. Haller

Edward L. Fink

Laura Janusik

SOCIAL RESOURCES THEORY

Nan Lin

SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS

Fred C. Pampel

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

David B. Grusky

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Steve Rytina

SOCIAL VALUES AND NORMS

Margaret Mooney Marini

SOCIAL WORK

Carol Austin

Robert McClelland

SOCIETAL STRATIFICATION

Archibald O. Haller

SOCIETY AND TECHNOLOGICAL RISKS

Lee Clarke

SOCIOBIOLOGY, HUMAN

Joseph Lopreato

SOCIOCULTURAL

ANTHROPOLOGY

Lin Poyer

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Allen D. Grimshaw

SOCIOLOGY AMONG THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Mattei Dogan

SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION

Paul W. Kingston

SOCIOLOGY OF ISLAM

Riaz Hassan

SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE

E. Doyle McCarthy

SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

James M. Inverarity

SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION

Rodney Stark

SOUTHEAST ASIA STUDIES

Charles Hirschman

SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET SOCIOLOGY

Igor S. Kon

Vladimir A. Yadov

SPORT

Janet Lever

Jay Coakley

STANDARDIZATION

Christine L. Himes

STATE, THE

Jack A. Goldstone

STATISTICAL GRAPHICS

John Fox

STATISTICAL INFERENCE

Alan C. Acock

STATISTICAL METHODS

J. Scott Long

STATUS ATTAINMENT

Donald J. Treiman

STATUS INCONGRUENCE

Mattei Dogan

STRESS

Nan Lin

STRUCTURAL LAG (AND

CULTURAL LAG)

Anne Foner

STUDENT MOVEMENTS

Leonard Gordon

SUBURBANIZATION

John R. Logan

SUICIDE

Ronald W. Maris

SURVEY RESEARCH

Howard Schuman

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY

Sheldon Stryker

SYSTEMS THEORY

Robert Boguslaw

TABULAR ANALYSIS

Jae-On Kim

Myoung-Jin Lee

TERRITORIAL BELONGING

Renzo Gubert

TERRORISM

Brian Michael Jenkins

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

Richard Berk

TIME USE RESEARCH

Elke Koch-Weser Ammassari

TOURISM

Giovanni Delli Zotti

TRANSNATIONAL

CORPORATIONS

R. Alan Hedley

TYPOLOGIES

Kenneth D. Bailey

URBAN SOCIOLOGY

Lee J. Haggerty

URBAN UNDERCLASS

John D. Kasarda

UTOPIAN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Robert Boguslaw

VALIDITY

George W. Bohrnstedt

VALUE THEORY AND RESEARCH

David R. Karp

VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS

William V. D’Antonio

VOTING BEHAVIOR

Manfred Kuechler

WAR

Edgar Kiser

WHITE COLLAR CRIME

James E. Teele

WIDOWHOOD

Felix M. Berardo

Donna H. Berardo

WORK AND OCCUPATIONS

Barbara F. Reskin

WORK ORIENTATION

Charles W. Mueller

WORLD RELIGIONS

Larry D. Shinn