English_for_Lawyers_2011

Unit 3. Administrative Law. Section 1. The Nature of Administrative Law

2.Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1)What can government agency action include?

2)What does administrative law deal with?

3)When did administrative law expand greatly? Why?

4)Why could the decisions of administrative decision-making bodies be reviewed by a court of general jurisdiction?

5)How does judicial review of administrative decision differ from an appeal?

3.Complete the following sentences according to the information from the text:

1)A rule is the whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and ….

2)The decision-making of administrative units of government (e.g., tribunals, boards or commissions) are part of …

3)While administrative decision-making bodies are often controlled by larger governmental units,…

4)When sitting in review of a decision, the Court will only look at the method in which the decision was arrived at, whereas …

III.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Complete the sentences with the active vocabulary from the list.

judicial review rulemaking administrative agencies administrative law decision-making bodies

Most countries that follow the principles of common law have developed procedures for ______________________that limit the reviewability of decisions made by administrative law bodies.

Administrative law may also apply to review of decisions of so-called quasi-public bodies, such as non-profit corporations, disciplinary boards, and other ____________________________ that affect the legal rights of members of a particular group or entity.

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Because the United States Constitution sets no limits on the tripartite authority of _______________________, Congress enacted the Administrative Procedure Act to establish fair administrative law procedures to comply with the requirements of Constitutional due process.

Generally speaking, most countries that follow the principles of common law have developed procedures for judicial review that limit the reviewability of decisions made by _________________________bodies. Often these procedures are coupled with legislation or other common law doctrines that establish standards for proper ______________________.

2.Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the sentences (up, with, of, for, to, of).

Administrative law is the body ___ law regulating government decision-making. Review of administrative decisions can take place internally and externally. The federal system of administrative law is made __ of four elements:

–Tribunals – independent bodies which provide ‘merits review’, that is, examining and ‘re-making’ government decisions;

–Courts – providing ‘judicial review’ __ the lawfulness of government decision-making

–The Commonwealth Ombudsman – a permanent office holder __ the power to investigate maladministration;

–Freedom of Information – laws which create a general right of access __ official information, subject to exclusions.

–The benefits of having a system __ review of administrative decisions that is well established and independent include encouraging higher-quality decision making and building public confidence in government administration.

3.The verbs below can all be used to form nouns. Find in the text the words which have related meanings. Pay special attention to the stress.

Example:: To govern (v.) – government (n.)

To act, to enforce, to state, to adjudicate, to formulate, to broadcast, to immigrate, to decide, to review.

4. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations:

Адміністративне право, урядова установа, регулятивна програма, винесення судового рішення, оподаткування, нормотворчість, судовий перегляд, формулювати (анулювати) норму.

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Unit 3. Administrative Law. Section 1. The Nature of Administrative Law

5. Translate into English:

Державне управління – це частина державної діяльності, що має своїм основним призначенням здійснення виконавчої влади. Державний характер такого управління полягає в тому, що в його процесі реалізуються завдання, функції та інтереси держави. Для його здійснення створюють спеціальні органи (встановлюють посади), які діють у рамках законів і в межах своїх повноважень. У той же час державне управління здійснюється і за межами функціонування виконавчої влади, наприклад на рівні державних підприємств, установ і організацій. Поняття «державне управління» за змістом є ширшим, ніж поняття «виконавча влада». Для визначення змістовно поєднаних сфер або галузей суспільного життя, що потребують державного управління, використовується термін "сектор державного управління".

IV. GRAMMAR FOCUS

1.Point out sentences with Gerund in the text and explain the use.

2.In the following sentences substitute the infinitive with the

gerund according to the model.

Model: There are three ways that an individual can attain the right to a (to hear) in an adjudicative proceeding.

There are three ways that an individual can attain the right to a hearing in an adjudicative proceeding.

1)Many of the independent agencies operate as miniature versions of the tripartite federal government, with the authority to "legislate" – through (to make rules) – , "adjudicate" – through administrative (to hear) -, and to "execute" administrative goals – through agency enforcement personnel.

2)A State or Federal Administrative Procedure Act prescribes procedures only for formal (to adjudicate).

3)Formal rulemaking, which is (to make rules) for which the organic statute requires that rules be "made on the record after agency opportunity for (to hear)," and for which the APA prescribes particular procedures.

V.SPEAKING

1.Speak on Administrative law, its notions and functions.

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2.In groups discuss the major directions of the Administrative and Civil Law reforms:

1)Formation of the system of unified legal concepts, which means elaboration of system for improvement of legal terminology;

2)Dissociation of Civil Law from Administrative Law. Тhe theory of subjects belongs to the history and it is expedient to assume measures in order to avoid irrelevance on legislative stage and to ensure settlement of dissociation standards in practice.

3)Improvement of the Civil Code. The improvement of the Civil Code was prioritized by the experts. They consider that the Civil Code should be freed from unfamiliar institutes of public law. Gaps made in the process of regulation of particular institutes should be eliminated. The policy of consecutive reforms should be elaborated according to particular section and the policy of spontaneous and segmental regulation should be excluded as possible.

4)Development of special fields of Private Law. System approach should be elaborated in order to develop each direction of Private Law. The Civil Code should regulate relations based on equality of persons. The special rules established on the objective criteria should be elaborated on liberal values, by taking into consideration principles of minimal regulations and maximal support for business development. Also it should be elaborated social standards adequate to the international ones. Gaps should be eliminated, new normative acts should be elaborated especially in the fields which are negative samples of translational activities.

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Unit 3. Administrative Law. Section 2. Administrative Law in the USA and UK

Unit 3. Administrative Law

Section 2. Administrative Law

in the USA and UK

I.LEAD-IN

1.Answer the questions:

1.What can influence the system of administrative law of a particular country?

2.Does the system of administrative law of a common law country differ from that one in the civil law country?

2.Match the following English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents:

2)perform their constitutional b) охоплювати responsibilities

3.How many syllables are there in the following words? Which of the syllables is stressed in each of them?

Ombudsman, administrative, encompasses, responsibilities, executive, legislative, governmental, manufacturing, tribunals, maladministration, procedural, articulated, encouraging.

Read the text to understand what information on administrative law is of primary importance or new for you.

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TEXT 2

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN THE USA

United States administrative law encompasses a number of statutes and cases which define the extent of the powers and responsibilities held by administrative agencies of the United States Government. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the U.S. federal government cannot always directly perform their constitutional responsibilities. Specialized powers are therefore delegated to an agency, board, or commission. These administrative governmental bodies oversee and monitor activities in complex areas, such as commercial aviation, medical device manufacturing, and securities markets.

Administrative law may be defined in four parts. Namely, the legal rules and principles that: (1) define the authority and structure of administrative agencies; (2) specify the procedural formalities employed by agencies; (3) determine the validity of agency decisions; and (4) define the role of reviewing courts and other governmental entities in relation to administrative agencies. Review of administrative decisions can take place internally and externally.

The federal system of administrative law is made up of four elements:

1)Tribunals – independent bodies which provide ‘merits review’, that is, examining and ‘re-making’ government decisions.

2)Courts – providing ‘judicial review’ of the lawfulness of government decision-making.

3)The Commonwealth Ombudsman – a permanent office holder with the power to investigate maladministration.

4)Freedom of Information – laws which create a general right of access to official information, subject to exclusions

U.S. federal agencies have the power to adjudicate, legislate, and enforce laws within their specific areas of delegated power. Agencies "legislate" through rulemaking – the power to issue regulations administrative law is codified as the Code of Federal Regulations.

The authority of administrative agencies stems from their organic statute, and must be consistent with constitutional constraints and legislative intent. Federal administrative agencies have the power to issue rules that have the effect of substantive law. The power to do so extends to all regulations necessary to carry out the purposes of the Administrative Procedure Act,

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Unit 3. Administrative Law. Section 2. Administrative Law in the USA and UK

rather than being limited to powers expressly granted by the statute. The power extends to substantive rules as well as procedural rules.

Agencies do not have the power to enact a regulation where:

–The regulation is an unconstitutional delegation of power;

–The organic statute explicitly denies authority (but note that failure to grant authority in later legislative efforts is not dispositive);

–Congress has enacted a separate regulatory scheme;

–The regulation is not based on factual findings;

–The regulation is not pursuant to serving the "public convenience, interest, or necessity".

–The regulation is outside the agency's statutory purpose as articulated in its organic statute.

The benefits of having a system for review of administrative decisions that is well established and independent include encouraging higher-quality decision making and building public confidence in government administration.

II.DEVELOPMENT

1.Are the following statements true or false?

1)The three branches of power of the U.S. federal government cannot always directly perform their constitutional responsibilities.

2)The task of an agency, board, or commission is to oversee and monitor activities in complex areas, such as commercial aviation, medical device manufacturing, and securities markets.

3)Tribunals provide ‘judicial review’.

4)The Commonwealth Ombudsman examines and ‘re-makes’ government decisions.

5)U.S. federal agencies have the power to adjudicate, legislate, and enforce laws within their specific areas of delegated power.

6)The authority of administrative agencies stems from the civil code.

7)Agencies do not have the power to enact a regulation if the regulation is an unconstitutional delegation of power.

2.Use the information in the text to give definitions to the following legal terms:

1)tribunals;

2)merits review;

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3)the Commonwealth Ombudsman;

4)freedom of information;

5)rulemaking.

3. Translate into English:

Предмет адміністративного права становлять суспільні відносини, які виникають з метою реалізації захисту прав громадян, створення нормальних умов для функціонування громадянського суспільства й держави.

Такі відносини пов’язані з:

1)діяльністю органів виконавчої влади;

2)внутрішньоорганізаційною діяльністю інших державних органів, підприємств, установ, організацій;

3)управлінською діяльністю органів місцевого самоврядування;

4)здійсненням іншими недержавними суб’єктами делегованих повноважень органів виконавчої влади;

5)здійсненням правосуддя у формі адміністративного судочин-

ства.

Адміністративно-правові відносини характеризуються такими особливостями:

− виникають у результаті управлінської діяльності з реалізації публічних, найчастіше державно-управлінських інтересів;

− у них обов’язково бере участь суб’єкт, наділений державою відповідними управлінськими повноваженнями;

− для них, як і для управління взагалі, характерні владність і цілеспрямованість. Це відносини влади і підпорядкування;

− вони захищені правовими засобами, у тому числі й примусовими.

Відносини, що регулюються адміністративним правом, містяться в різних управлінських сферах. Це, наприклад, економіка, культура, комунальне господарство, охорона здоров’я, освіта, внутрішні справи, оборона і т. ін.

III.PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE

1.A. In the table find eight administrative law terms.

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Unit 3. Administrative Law. Section 2. Administrative Law in the USA and UK

B. Make up sentences of your own with these terms.

1.Use the diagram in ex. 1B to speak about the administrative system in Ukraine.

2.Compare the administrative system in Ukraine and that of the USA. Make up a plan. At first find all similar points and then the different ones.

IV. WRITING

1.Using the previous information try to write and present your possible 5 minute talk. You are suggested to choose one of the offered themes of prefer your own:

–Administrative bodies: their tasks and duties.

–Judicial review – what is it?

–Actions of executive agencies in the Administrative Procedure Act.

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V. OVER TO YOU

1.Do the Administrative law Quiz (the American style) concerning the question of licensing. Then check your answers.

I. LICENSE LAW AND QUALIFICATIONS FOR LICENSURE

1.In Florida, all professions (including the real estate profession) should be regulated when each of the following conditions are present, except when:

A. The unregulated practice can harm the public, the potential harm is recognizable, and the danger of the unregulated practice outweighs any

anticompetitive impact.

B.Th e public is not adequately protected by other local, state or federal laws.

C.Lawmakers believe that regulation will decrease consumer complaints.

D.Less restrictive means of regulation are not available.

2.Apersonwhohasbeenissuedabrokerlicense,butoperatesasasalesperson in the employ of a broker or an owner-developer is known as:

A.Broker;

B.Salesperson;

C.Broker-Salesperson;

D.Office Manager;

3.Joan has been a licensed salesperson for 6 months in her home state, which has mutual recognition with Florida. After she moves to Florida, she desires to obtain a Florida Salesperson license by submitting an application and taking a 40-question law exam. Which of the following best describes her situation:

A.Joan will receive a Florida license if her application is approved and she passes the law exam.

B.Joan cannot receive a salesperson license, but may obtain a Broker's license if she passes the Broker's exam.

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