2.5. Antithesis

“Antithesis is a structure consisting of two steps, the lexical meanings of which are opposite to each other. These steps may be presented by morphemes (underpaid and overworked), by antonyms (or contextual antonyms) and antonymous expressions and by completed statements or pictures semantically opposite to one another.”38 Let us take again an example from “Winnie-the-Pooh”, Rabbit scratched his whiskers thoughtfully and pointed out that (…) some lived in trees and some lived underground. (A. Miln)

In this case the Antithesis is built up by means of contextual antonyms “trees” and “underground”.

2.6. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is a typical phenomenon in conversation arising out of the situation. Ellipsis, when used as a SD, always imitates the common features of colloquial language where the situation presupposes the omitting certain member of sentence. “In Ellipsis which is an omission of one of the main members of a sentence we must differentiate the one used in author’s narration to change its tempo and condense its structure from the other used in personage’s speech to reflect, to create the effect of naturalness of the dialogue.”39 For instance, “Ow!” said Tigger

He sat down and put his paw in his mouth

“What’s the matter?” asked Pooh

“Hot!” mumbled Tigger (A. Miln)

2.7. Break-in-the-Narrative (Aposiopesis)

This SD promotes the incompleteness of sentence structure. It is used mainly in the dialogue or in other forms of narrative imitating spontaneous oral speech. It reflects the emotional or psychological state of the speaker. A sentence may be broken because the speaker’s emotions prevent him from finishing it. For example, Piglet tries to describe the Heffulump to Christopher Robin. “What did it look like?

“Like-like-It had the biggest head you ever saw, Christopher Robin. A great enormous thing, like – like nothing. A huge big- well, like a- I don’t know – like au enormous big nothing, like a jar!”

By using Aposiopesis the author manages to express perfectly Piglet’s emotions. Beside that, this SD helps the author to convey the broken rhythm of Piglet’s speech: the latter is out of breath and scared.

3. Phono-Graphical Expressive means.

3.1. Onomatopoeia

“Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech-sounds which aim at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder, etc.), by things (machines, tools, etc.), by people (singing, laughter, etc.)”40 Well-known cases of Onomatopoeia are the use of words that imitate natural sounds. They are called onomatopoeic words (growl, grunt, hiss, etc.)

There are numerous examples of different kinds of Onomatopoeia in “Winnie-the-Pooh.”For example, This is Edward Bear coming downstairs now: bump! bump! bump! (imitation of sound produced by things or people) or

“Trala-la-la, tra-la, la,

Rum-tum, tiddle-um-tum

Tiddle-iddle, tiddle-iddle

Rum-tum-tum-tiddle-um (imitation of singing)

Isn’t it funny

How a bear likes honey?

Buzz! Buzz! Buzz! (imitation of sound produced by a bee).

In the first and the third examples we can distinguish the usage of the onomatopoetic words (the may function as verbs: the bees were buzzing in the hole, for example. In the second instance we deal with Onomatopoeia proper - the imitating sounds (a singing is imitated).

3.2 Alliteration and Assonance

Poetry abounds in some specific types of sound-instrumenting. The leading role belongs to “Alliteration – the repetition of consonants, usually in the beginning of words, and assonance – the repetition of the similar vowels, usually in the stressed syllables. They both may produce the effect of euphony.”41 Let us take an example of Alliteration from A. Miln’s book “Winnie-the-Pooh”: “How sweat to be a Cloud

Floating in the Blue

Every little Cloud

Always sings Aloud”