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Теоретическая грамматика

VII. The theory of parts of speech and their interaction.

The position of parts of speech in the system of the language. The criteria of classifying the lexicon into parts of speech. The cognitive-discursive approach to parts of speech. The system of parts of speech in English. Notional and functional words. The borderline between notional and functional words. The field (prototypical) structure of parts of speech. Interaction between parts of speech. Syntactic transposition as a means of parts-of-speech interaction in English. The functions of transposition.

VIII. The English noun and its grammatical categories.

The general characteristic of the noun and its position in the system of parts of speech. Gender distinctions in the English nouns. The grammatical category of number in the English noun. The grammatical category of case in the English noun.

IX. The English verb. Subclasses of verb in English.

The position of the verb in the system of parts of speech. The verb as the semantic and the syntactic centre of the sentence. The three criteria for the classification of verbs into subclasses: formal, functional and semantic. The classification of verbs on the bases of the these criteria.

X. The grammatical category of tense, aspect and time-correlation

The debatable points in the study of this category. The problem of the future tense in English. The analyses of the opposition: present :: past :: future. The semantic potential of the tense-forms in English.

The definition of the category of aspect. The semantic basis of the category of aspect in English. The analysis of the opposition ‘Common :: Continuous’ aspects. Cases of neutralization and transposition. The text-forming function of the Continuous Aspect in the text.

The arguments in favour of treating the opposition ‘Perfect :: Non-Perfect’ as a separate grammatical category. The paradigmatic and syntagmatic meanings of the perfect forms. Cases of neutralization and transposition in the sphere of time-correlation category. The functions of perfect forms in the text.

XI. The grammatical category of mood and voice.

The main problems which arise in the study of the category of mood in English. Mood and modality. The system of moods in English. The specificity of the category of voice as compared to the other verbal categories. The analyses of the opposition ‘Active :: Passive’. The scope of the passive constructions in English as compared to Russian. The factors that determine the use of passive constructions in English.

XII. The simple sentence and its essential features.

The problem of the sentence definition and its level belonging. The main categories of the sentence: a) predicativity: its role in the sentence; types of predication: primary vs. secondary; explicit vs. implicit predication; b) modality: its heterogeneous nature; the two types of modality; the culture- and gender-sensitive character of modality; c) negation and its types: complete vs. partial; grammatical vs. lexical; explicit vs. implicit; direct vs. transferred negation; negation and the communicative type of the sentence; the specific features of negation in English.

  1. The structural and semantic aspects of the sentence.

Classification of sentences according to their structure. The notions of valency, structural minimum and the elementary sentence. The syntactic processes of extending and compressing the elementary sentence.

The notion of the semantic, or the deep structure of the sentence. The problem of semantic modelling in syntax. The semantic types of sentences. The relations between the formal (surface) and the semantic (deep) structures of the sentence.

  1. The communicative aspect of the sentence and its actual division.

Classification of sentences according to the purpose of communication The problem of exclamatory sentences. Transposition on the level of communicative types of sentences. The actual division of the sentence. The central notions of the actual division: the theme and the rheme. Dirhemic and monorhemic utterances. Means of expressing the components of actual division. The peculiarities of actual division in different communicative types of sentences. The text forming function of actual division.