Вопрос 20 Geographical Expansion of the English

England's colonial expansion to the New World began in the late 16th c. when her first colonies were set up in Newfoundland (1583). later colonists came from other regions, including Scotland and Ireland. Immigrants to the Southern areas were of a higher class origin. Many immigrants from Great Britain

settled in the West Indies, which,became a part of the British Empire in the 17th c.

'The colonists spoke different dialects of English. In North America those dialects gradually blended into a new type of the language, American English; contacts with other languages, especially Spanish in the South and French in Canada, have played a certain role in its development.

The expansion of English to Asia is mainly connected with the occupation of India. India was one of the main issues in the colonial

struggle of European powers in the 18th c. In the first half of the 19th c. India became a British colony and Britain acquired other possessions in Asia, turning them into colonies, dominions or protectorates. Thus the English language extended to many areas in Asia, as the language of the state and writing.

Australia was a place of deportation of British convicts since the late 18th c. A flow of immigrants were attracted to Australia, at

first by the free grants of land, later — by the discovery of gold.

British penetration into Africa was a lengthy affair that extended over the 19th c. In consequence of financial dependence on British capital, Sudan and Egypt fell under British political control.

Вопрос 21 Written Records in Late Middle English.

The flourishing of literature, which marks the second half of the 14th c. This period of literary florescence is known as the "age of Chaucer", the greatest name in English literature before Shakespeare. Его произведения «Canter­bury Tales», «A Legend of Good Women». Of greatest linguistic consequence was the activity of John Wyclif

(1324—1384), the forerunner of the English Reformation. His most important contribution to English prose was his translation of the BIBLE completed in 1384. Лондонский диалект начала XIV в. представлен стихотворениями Адама Дэви; вторая половина произведениями Джеффри Чосера, Джона Гауэра и Джона Уиклифа. The literary texts of the late 14th c. preserved in numerous manuscripts, belong to a variety of genres^Translation continued, but originnal compositions were produced in abundance; poetry was more prolific than prose.

'John Gower, Chaucer's friend and an outstanding poet of the time,was born in Kent, but there are not many Kentisms in his London dialect. His first poems were written in Anglo-Norman and in Latin. His longest poem VOX CLAMANTIS ("The Voice of the Crying in the Wilderness"). We should mention one more poet whose name is unknown. Four feoems found in a single manuscript of the 14th c. — PEARL, PATIENCE.CLEANNESS and SIR GAWAINE AND THE GREEN KNIGHT it- have been attributed to the same author.

The poems are a blending of elaborate alliteration, in line with the OE tradition,and new rhymed |verse, with a variety of difficult rhyme schemes.