Вопрос 18 Introduction of printing.

15 в.–появление книгопечатанья. Английским первопечатником был Уильям Кэкстон, уроженец Кента, долго служил в Нидерландах, где познакомился с новым изобретением. Первую книгу на а.я. “ The collection of stories about Troy» он напечатал в 1475., Распространение(spread(ing) печатных книг очень содействовало нормализации языка в области графики и орфографии. Первые грамматики а.я. строились по образцу латинских. Это – грамматики Бена Джонсона, Ч. Батлера, Дж. Уоллиса (17 в.). В грамматиках 17-18 вв lay down 2 tendenses: одни grammarian считали, что язык должен based on “разума” (“reason”), т.е. из логики. Другие считали, что при установлении правил следует исходить из существующего обычая (“usage”). Но оба эти направления не сильно отличались.

Вопрос 22 Grammar and dictionaries in 17&18 c. Первые грамматики а.я. строились по образцу латинских. Это – грамматики Бена Джонсона, Ч. Батлера, Дж. Уоллиса (17 в.). В грамматиках 17-18 вв lay down 2 tendenses: одни grammarian считали, что язык должен based on “разума” (“reason”), т.е. из логики. Другие считали, что при установлении правил следует исходить из существующего обычая (“usage”). Но оба эти направления не сильно отличались. The largest representative of the principle based on logic, R.Laut, the author of the book “ Brief introduction in English grammar ” (1758) is, this book contains a number of recommendations and prohibitions. The opposite representative is Дж. Priestley, the author of the book of " the Basis of English grammar ” (1761).

In 1795 American Lindlej Marrej has published grammar “ English Grammar ” which has got enormous authority. The first dictionaries (15в.) were bilingual english dictionaries, but in 16в. there are dictionaries of "difficult" words - Robert Kodri's dictionaries, Какрама, etc. They included archaisms and latin little-used loans.

The first explanatory dictionary has been made by Natanielem Bailey (1721г) “ the Universal etymological dictionary ”. It is very important publishing of the dictionary “ Dictionary of the English language … ” Semjuelja Johnson (1755г). It was based on works of authors befor of Restoration's epoch of the end 16-сер17в. It aspired to keep traditional spelling.

Вопрос 19 Regional varieties of e Two varieties of English in Great Britain distinguished from Standard

English-Scottish, and Anglo-Irish - claimed to be literary tongues Scottish English reemerged again into literary eminence, after a decline in the 17th c n the poetry of Robert Burns (1759-1796). The literary tradition was not given up in the 19th c.: a series of poets employed the Scottish dialect in depicting the grievances

of the common people. For the most part, however, Scottish English was used for oral intercourse by the less educated people, while a Regional Modified

Standard displaced it in other funct1Ons. As elsewhere the local dialect was transformed into a social local dialect used by the lower classes.

Despite the attempts to revive the Celtic tongue Gaelic or Irish (which was one of the major issues in the vigorous

struggle for home rule in the 19th c ) , by 190D a variety of English with a strong rish accent, known as the "brogue", had become the main lanfuage of the population

Some authorities regard Anglo-Irish as a separate geographical variant of English possessing an independent national Standard, others treat it as a locadialect. Anglo-Irish is the official language of Northern Ireland and Eire and also the language of literature, school and universities.